Barbara Oakley | Oakland University (original) (raw)

Papers by Barbara Oakley

It is a compelling challenge to provide inner-urban K-12 students with the skills necessary for a... more It is a compelling challenge to provide inner-urban K-12 students with the skills necessary for a career in engineering. A solid grounding in mathematics is the most valuable such skill and also the most difficult to develop. Many inner-urban programs meant to revitalize or strengthen mathematics education focus on students in middle or high school. At this grade level, many students already feel they have no skill with mathematics; they have a correspondingly poor attitude towards mathematics that makes any attempt to improve the mathematics curriculum more difficult. A more useful, if longer term, approach is to implement change from the bottom (elementary school level) up, rather than middle or high school, where ultimate change is so strongly desired.

This paper is a guide to the effective design and management of team assignments in a college cla... more This paper is a guide to the effective design and management of team assignments in a college classroom where little class time is available for instruction on teaming skills. Topics discussed include forming teams, helping them become effective, and using peer ratings to adjust team grades for individual performance. A Frequently Asked Questions section offers suggestions for dealing with several problems that commonly arise with student teams, and forms and handouts are provided to assist in team formation and management.

Junior, senior, and graduate level courses in electromagnetics often cover issues related to sinu... more Junior, senior, and graduate level courses in electromagnetics often cover issues related to sinusoidal standing waves and transient pulses on transmission lines. This information is important for students because a theoretical understanding of such phenomena provides a concrete foundation for later study involving the general propagation of electromagnetic fields, and because transmission lines are critical in many different engineering applications. Unfortunately, however, the somewhat tedious mathematics underlying transmission line theory can cause students to snooze through lectures. This paper describes a simple set of classroom demonstrations that can enliven student interest in this important area. The phenomena demonstrated include:

Wireless communication systems apply various methods of modulation and demodulation. In the liter... more Wireless communication systems apply various methods of modulation and demodulation. In the literature, these methods are often described very generally in analytical fashion and then illustrated by means of software. However, in the past, neither theory nor simulation have often bridged the gap to show students how general communication functions can be practically implemented in circuitry.

The paper describes models of an automotive bus transceiver that includes the effects of radio fr... more The paper describes models of an automotive bus transceiver that includes the effects of radio frequency interference on transmitter/receiver performance. Transceiver time-domain communication performance and radio frequency emissions are modeled and simulated using PSpice. These models have been experimentally verified in applications involving Controller Area Network (CAN) communication topologies such as those used in automobiles for real-time control.

The profound benefits of altruism in modern society are self-evident. However, the potential hurt... more The profound benefits of altruism in modern society are self-evident. However, the potential hurtful aspects of altruism have gone largely unrecognized in scientific inquiry. This is despite the fact that virtually all forms of altruism are associated with tradeoffs-some of enormous importance and sensitivity-and notwithstanding that examples of pathologies of altruism abound. Presented here are the mechanistic bases and potential ramifications of pathological altruism, that is, altruism in which attempts to promote the welfare of others instead result in unanticipated harm. A basic conceptual approach toward the quantification of altruism bias is presented. Guardian systems and their over arching importance in the evolution of cooperation are also discussed. Concepts of pathological altruism, altruism bias, and guardian systems may help open many new, potentially useful lines of inquiry and provide a framework to begin moving toward a more mature, scientifically informed understanding of altruism and cooperative behavior. cooperation | empathy | codependency | narcissism | philanthropy Reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2005

The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) local area augmentation system (LAAS) is a code-based... more The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) local area augmentation system (LAAS) is a code-based differential global positioning system (DGPS) to be used for guidance of aircraft during the approach and landing phase of flight. Code-based multipath error was a limiting factor in the LAAS meeting Category III accuracy requirements for this phase of flight. Consequently, a large aperture antenna was proposed for use at each ground-based DGPS reference site to reduce the impact of code-based multipath error to less than 0.25 m. The large aperture antenna accomplishes this task at the expense of providing limited coverage in the vertical plane (0-35 ). An ancillary high-zenith antenna is then necessary to track satellites from 35-90 in elevation. Phase center variation (PCV) has been observed to be a significant source of GPS error when translating the accumulated carrier phase (ACP) and pseudorange (PR) data between the two aforementioned antennas to a common phase center. This paper presents a relatively simple method for reducing the error caused by the PCV of a large aperture antenna. This is done by comparing the GPS ACP data from a large aperture vertically polarized dipole array antenna with undesirably large PCV (more than 20 cm), with similar data from a right-hand circularly polarized high-zenith antenna with small PCV (relative to physical center of array). A triple-differencing technique of the ACP data between the two antennas across successive epochs is used to characterize the PCV of the large aperture antenna as a function of elevation angle. The PCV correction factor is applied to the ACP data from the large aperture antenna array. The ACP data from the two antennas are then combined in software to appear as one antenna with minimal offset from PCV. A field test that employed this technique is described and test results are provided. This technique confers an advantage over other methods for PCV determination, which require precision mounting and/or robotic motion capabilities, or the use of an antenna range.

Bioelectromagnetics, 2005

Results are presented here of experimental measurements using a four-point electrode technique to... more Results are presented here of experimental measurements using a four-point electrode technique to measure the complex impedance of bovine aorta submerged in Ringer's solution. Impedance measurements were taken at 250 μm intervals, ranging from 0 (the electrode directly on the surface of the tissue) to 10 mm. Frequencies ranged from 1 kHz to 10 MHz. Throughout this range, the measured impedance changed by an average of 400% when the electrode was 10 mm from the tissue as compared to when the electrode was in direct contact with the tissue. The change in impedance made it possible to determine when the electrode made contact with the arterial wall. Bioelectromagnetics 26:54–58, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2003

FEM software was used to determine the feasibility of characterizing various types of atheroscler... more FEM software was used to determine the feasibility of characterizing various types of atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. This was accomplished by simulating two electrodes as being attached to an angioplasty balloon in the coronary artery. The electrodes on the "balloon" touched and measured the simulated complex impedance of type III, -IV, and -Va and -Vb lesions, as defined by the American Heart Association (AHA). Additionally, the effect of changes in morphology on the complex impedance was determined for type Va and -Vb lesions. The simulations showed that the layer closest to the electrodes had the most significant effect on the measured complex impedance. As a consequence of these simulations, it appears plausible that electrodes could be placed in vivo to determine the characteristics and type of a given atherosclerotic lesion.

A four-point electrode measuring impedance in the vicinity of an atherosclerotic lesion was model... more A four-point electrode measuring impedance in the vicinity of an atherosclerotic lesion was modeled using FEM software. The simulation modeled the electrodes as being attached to an angioplasty balloon in a coronary artery. Impedance was calculated when the "balloon" was uninflated (not in contact with the lesion) and inflated (in contact with the lesion). Additionally, different lesion types (Va and

It is a compelling challenge to provide inner-urban K-12 students with the skills necessary for a... more It is a compelling challenge to provide inner-urban K-12 students with the skills necessary for a career in engineering. A solid grounding in mathematics is the most valuable such skill and also the most difficult to develop. Many inner-urban programs meant to revitalize or strengthen mathematics education focus on students in middle or high school. At this grade level, many students already feel they have no skill with mathematics; they have a correspondingly poor attitude towards mathematics that makes any attempt to improve the mathematics curriculum more difficult. A more useful, if longer term, approach is to implement change from the bottom (elementary school level) up, rather than middle or high school, where ultimate change is so strongly desired.

Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2004

A new type of planar transmission line, modified from the traditional Goubau line, has been propo... more A new type of planar transmission line, modified from the traditional Goubau line, has been proposed. Some different configurations have been demonstrated and the dimensions of this new type of transmission line have been provided. The numerical results, suitable for practical applications, were obtained by using the FEM to obtain the solutions. Comparisons with metallic rectangular waveguide have been given. The analysis shows that this new type of transmission line has advantages such as simplicity, ease of fabrication, and low loss, in comparison with other types of transmission lines at terahertz frequencies.

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 2003

This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a fun... more This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a function of absolute hydrostatic pressure in organic liquids. Major topics of discussion include the pioneering work of Litovitz and Carnevale involving deduction of the chemical and structural properties of liquids from acoustical properties as a function of pressure; modern general ultrasonic studies of a broad range of organic liquids; work accomplished by Russians and others from the former Soviet block countries, particularly the work headed by Otpuschennikov at the Kursk Pedagogical Institute; the studies involving refrigerants published by Takagi at the Kyoto Institute of Technology; tribological and petroleum industry studies related to oils; Brillouin scattering experiments; and thermodynamic methods of B/A measurement. The importance of ultrasonic parameters as a function of pressure to the understanding of a variety of processes is highlighted. A table of 325 liquids and liquid mixtures with a total of 366 entries indexed by chemical name is provided. Publications involving a specific liquid are cited within the table under the entry for that liquid, with the author's name, aim of the study ͑e.g., speed of sound or absorption studies͒, methodology, and pressure/temperature ranges of the experimentation also given ͑197 references͒.

Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2005

A signal- and noise-measurement test procedure for an RF remote keyless entry (RKE) is presented.... more A signal- and noise-measurement test procedure for an RF remote keyless entry (RKE) is presented. RKE systems are often designed for automotive applications, and include an RF receiver along with either an integrated antenna or a separately located external active antenna. Unlike previous methods, the new test procedure presented here allows measurement of the signal and noise levels at the output of an RKE system's RF receiver while the receiver is installed in its usual location on board the vehicle and connected with its antenna. This procedure also solves the problem of obtaining signal and noise measurements in systems with integrated receiver/antenna units. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 116–119, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21097

This paper describes a low-profile hidden antenna diversity system for remote control automotive ... more This paper describes a low-profile hidden antenna diversity system for remote control automotive applications. The antenna system is designed for operating in the frequency range from 300 to 400 MHz, which is a commonly used frequency band in the United States and Canada. The proposed diversity antenna can be used in designs where extended range is the main system requirement.

Review of Scientific Instruments, 1999

A simple, manually adjustable hydrostatic cell for electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and photoacoustic... more A simple, manually adjustable hydrostatic cell for electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and photoacoustic studies in absolute pressure ranges from 40 kPa to 5.5 MPa is described. The cell consists of two 3-mm-thick quartz windows enclosing a 1.3-cm-diameter hole bored through a 2.54-cm-long cube block of stainless steel. Four 3-mm-diameter counterbored and taper-threaded holes on the cube walls provide minimally intrusive, chemically inert ports for temperature and acoustical monitoring. Pressure is easily varied within the cell by means of a stainless steel threaded shaft with an O-ring seal at the end, situated inside a matched internally threaded housing. An example of photoacoustic waveforms acquired under conditions of varying hydrostatic pressure is provided.

IEEE Transactions on Education, 2007

A teamwork survey was conducted at Oakland University, Rochester, MI, in 533 engineering and comp... more A teamwork survey was conducted at Oakland University, Rochester, MI, in 533 engineering and computer science courses over a two-year period. Of the 6435 student respondents, 4349 (68%) reported working in teams. Relative to the students who only worked individually, the students who worked in teams were significantly more likely to agree that the course had achieved its stated learning objectives ( 0 001). Regression analysis showed that roughly one-quarter of the variance in belief about whether the objectives were met could be explained by four factors: 1) student satisfaction with the team experience; 2) the presence of instructor guidance related to teamwork; 3) the presence of slackers on teams; and 4) team size. Pearson product-moment correlations revealed statistically significant associations between agreement that the course objectives had been fulfilled and the use of student teams and between satisfaction with teams and the occurrence of instructor guidance on teamwork skills. These and other results suggest that assigning work to student teams can lead to learning benefits and student satisfaction, provided that the instructor pays attention to how the teams and the assignments are set up.

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 2003

This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a fun... more This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a function of absolute hydrostatic pressure in organic liquids. Major topics of discussion include the pioneering work of Litovitz and Carnevale involving deduction of the chemical and structural properties of liquids from acoustical properties as a function of pressure; modern general ultrasonic studies of a broad range of organic liquids; work accomplished by Russians and others from the former Soviet block countries, particularly the work headed by Otpuschennikov at the Kursk Pedagogical Institute; the studies involving refrigerants published by Takagi at the Kyoto Institute of Technology; tribological and petroleum industry studies related to oils; Brillouin scattering experiments; and thermodynamic methods of B/A measurement. The importance of ultrasonic parameters as a function of pressure to the understanding of a variety of processes is highlighted. A table of 325 liquids and liquid mixtures with a total of 366 entries indexed by chemical name is provided. Publications involving a specific liquid are cited within the table under the entry for that liquid, with the author's name, aim of the study ͑e.g., speed of sound or absorption studies͒, methodology, and pressure/temperature ranges of the experimentation also given ͑197 references͒.

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 2003

This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a fun... more This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a function of absolute hydrostatic pressure in organic liquids. Major topics of discussion include the pioneering work of Litovitz and Carnevale involving deduction of the chemical and structural properties of liquids from acoustical properties as a function of pressure; modern general ultrasonic studies of a broad range of organic liquids; work accomplished by Russians and others from the former Soviet block countries, particularly the work headed by Otpuschennikov at the Kursk Pedagogical Institute; the studies involving refrigerants published by Takagi at the Kyoto Institute of Technology; tribological and petroleum industry studies related to oils; Brillouin scattering experiments; and thermodynamic methods of B/A measurement. The importance of ultrasonic parameters as a function of pressure to the understanding of a variety of processes is highlighted. A table of 325 liquids and liquid mixtures with a total of 366 entries indexed by chemical name is provided. Publications involving a specific liquid are cited within the table under the entry for that liquid, with the author's name, aim of the study ͑e.g., speed of sound or absorption studies͒, methodology, and pressure/temperature ranges of the experimentation also given ͑197 references͒.

It is a compelling challenge to provide inner-urban K-12 students with the skills necessary for a... more It is a compelling challenge to provide inner-urban K-12 students with the skills necessary for a career in engineering. A solid grounding in mathematics is the most valuable such skill and also the most difficult to develop. Many inner-urban programs meant to revitalize or strengthen mathematics education focus on students in middle or high school. At this grade level, many students already feel they have no skill with mathematics; they have a correspondingly poor attitude towards mathematics that makes any attempt to improve the mathematics curriculum more difficult. A more useful, if longer term, approach is to implement change from the bottom (elementary school level) up, rather than middle or high school, where ultimate change is so strongly desired.

This paper is a guide to the effective design and management of team assignments in a college cla... more This paper is a guide to the effective design and management of team assignments in a college classroom where little class time is available for instruction on teaming skills. Topics discussed include forming teams, helping them become effective, and using peer ratings to adjust team grades for individual performance. A Frequently Asked Questions section offers suggestions for dealing with several problems that commonly arise with student teams, and forms and handouts are provided to assist in team formation and management.

Junior, senior, and graduate level courses in electromagnetics often cover issues related to sinu... more Junior, senior, and graduate level courses in electromagnetics often cover issues related to sinusoidal standing waves and transient pulses on transmission lines. This information is important for students because a theoretical understanding of such phenomena provides a concrete foundation for later study involving the general propagation of electromagnetic fields, and because transmission lines are critical in many different engineering applications. Unfortunately, however, the somewhat tedious mathematics underlying transmission line theory can cause students to snooze through lectures. This paper describes a simple set of classroom demonstrations that can enliven student interest in this important area. The phenomena demonstrated include:

Wireless communication systems apply various methods of modulation and demodulation. In the liter... more Wireless communication systems apply various methods of modulation and demodulation. In the literature, these methods are often described very generally in analytical fashion and then illustrated by means of software. However, in the past, neither theory nor simulation have often bridged the gap to show students how general communication functions can be practically implemented in circuitry.

The paper describes models of an automotive bus transceiver that includes the effects of radio fr... more The paper describes models of an automotive bus transceiver that includes the effects of radio frequency interference on transmitter/receiver performance. Transceiver time-domain communication performance and radio frequency emissions are modeled and simulated using PSpice. These models have been experimentally verified in applications involving Controller Area Network (CAN) communication topologies such as those used in automobiles for real-time control.

The profound benefits of altruism in modern society are self-evident. However, the potential hurt... more The profound benefits of altruism in modern society are self-evident. However, the potential hurtful aspects of altruism have gone largely unrecognized in scientific inquiry. This is despite the fact that virtually all forms of altruism are associated with tradeoffs-some of enormous importance and sensitivity-and notwithstanding that examples of pathologies of altruism abound. Presented here are the mechanistic bases and potential ramifications of pathological altruism, that is, altruism in which attempts to promote the welfare of others instead result in unanticipated harm. A basic conceptual approach toward the quantification of altruism bias is presented. Guardian systems and their over arching importance in the evolution of cooperation are also discussed. Concepts of pathological altruism, altruism bias, and guardian systems may help open many new, potentially useful lines of inquiry and provide a framework to begin moving toward a more mature, scientifically informed understanding of altruism and cooperative behavior. cooperation | empathy | codependency | narcissism | philanthropy Reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2005

The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) local area augmentation system (LAAS) is a code-based... more The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) local area augmentation system (LAAS) is a code-based differential global positioning system (DGPS) to be used for guidance of aircraft during the approach and landing phase of flight. Code-based multipath error was a limiting factor in the LAAS meeting Category III accuracy requirements for this phase of flight. Consequently, a large aperture antenna was proposed for use at each ground-based DGPS reference site to reduce the impact of code-based multipath error to less than 0.25 m. The large aperture antenna accomplishes this task at the expense of providing limited coverage in the vertical plane (0-35 ). An ancillary high-zenith antenna is then necessary to track satellites from 35-90 in elevation. Phase center variation (PCV) has been observed to be a significant source of GPS error when translating the accumulated carrier phase (ACP) and pseudorange (PR) data between the two aforementioned antennas to a common phase center. This paper presents a relatively simple method for reducing the error caused by the PCV of a large aperture antenna. This is done by comparing the GPS ACP data from a large aperture vertically polarized dipole array antenna with undesirably large PCV (more than 20 cm), with similar data from a right-hand circularly polarized high-zenith antenna with small PCV (relative to physical center of array). A triple-differencing technique of the ACP data between the two antennas across successive epochs is used to characterize the PCV of the large aperture antenna as a function of elevation angle. The PCV correction factor is applied to the ACP data from the large aperture antenna array. The ACP data from the two antennas are then combined in software to appear as one antenna with minimal offset from PCV. A field test that employed this technique is described and test results are provided. This technique confers an advantage over other methods for PCV determination, which require precision mounting and/or robotic motion capabilities, or the use of an antenna range.

Bioelectromagnetics, 2005

Results are presented here of experimental measurements using a four-point electrode technique to... more Results are presented here of experimental measurements using a four-point electrode technique to measure the complex impedance of bovine aorta submerged in Ringer's solution. Impedance measurements were taken at 250 μm intervals, ranging from 0 (the electrode directly on the surface of the tissue) to 10 mm. Frequencies ranged from 1 kHz to 10 MHz. Throughout this range, the measured impedance changed by an average of 400% when the electrode was 10 mm from the tissue as compared to when the electrode was in direct contact with the tissue. The change in impedance made it possible to determine when the electrode made contact with the arterial wall. Bioelectromagnetics 26:54–58, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2003

FEM software was used to determine the feasibility of characterizing various types of atheroscler... more FEM software was used to determine the feasibility of characterizing various types of atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. This was accomplished by simulating two electrodes as being attached to an angioplasty balloon in the coronary artery. The electrodes on the "balloon" touched and measured the simulated complex impedance of type III, -IV, and -Va and -Vb lesions, as defined by the American Heart Association (AHA). Additionally, the effect of changes in morphology on the complex impedance was determined for type Va and -Vb lesions. The simulations showed that the layer closest to the electrodes had the most significant effect on the measured complex impedance. As a consequence of these simulations, it appears plausible that electrodes could be placed in vivo to determine the characteristics and type of a given atherosclerotic lesion.

A four-point electrode measuring impedance in the vicinity of an atherosclerotic lesion was model... more A four-point electrode measuring impedance in the vicinity of an atherosclerotic lesion was modeled using FEM software. The simulation modeled the electrodes as being attached to an angioplasty balloon in a coronary artery. Impedance was calculated when the "balloon" was uninflated (not in contact with the lesion) and inflated (in contact with the lesion). Additionally, different lesion types (Va and

It is a compelling challenge to provide inner-urban K-12 students with the skills necessary for a... more It is a compelling challenge to provide inner-urban K-12 students with the skills necessary for a career in engineering. A solid grounding in mathematics is the most valuable such skill and also the most difficult to develop. Many inner-urban programs meant to revitalize or strengthen mathematics education focus on students in middle or high school. At this grade level, many students already feel they have no skill with mathematics; they have a correspondingly poor attitude towards mathematics that makes any attempt to improve the mathematics curriculum more difficult. A more useful, if longer term, approach is to implement change from the bottom (elementary school level) up, rather than middle or high school, where ultimate change is so strongly desired.

Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2004

A new type of planar transmission line, modified from the traditional Goubau line, has been propo... more A new type of planar transmission line, modified from the traditional Goubau line, has been proposed. Some different configurations have been demonstrated and the dimensions of this new type of transmission line have been provided. The numerical results, suitable for practical applications, were obtained by using the FEM to obtain the solutions. Comparisons with metallic rectangular waveguide have been given. The analysis shows that this new type of transmission line has advantages such as simplicity, ease of fabrication, and low loss, in comparison with other types of transmission lines at terahertz frequencies.

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 2003

This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a fun... more This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a function of absolute hydrostatic pressure in organic liquids. Major topics of discussion include the pioneering work of Litovitz and Carnevale involving deduction of the chemical and structural properties of liquids from acoustical properties as a function of pressure; modern general ultrasonic studies of a broad range of organic liquids; work accomplished by Russians and others from the former Soviet block countries, particularly the work headed by Otpuschennikov at the Kursk Pedagogical Institute; the studies involving refrigerants published by Takagi at the Kyoto Institute of Technology; tribological and petroleum industry studies related to oils; Brillouin scattering experiments; and thermodynamic methods of B/A measurement. The importance of ultrasonic parameters as a function of pressure to the understanding of a variety of processes is highlighted. A table of 325 liquids and liquid mixtures with a total of 366 entries indexed by chemical name is provided. Publications involving a specific liquid are cited within the table under the entry for that liquid, with the author's name, aim of the study ͑e.g., speed of sound or absorption studies͒, methodology, and pressure/temperature ranges of the experimentation also given ͑197 references͒.

Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2005

A signal- and noise-measurement test procedure for an RF remote keyless entry (RKE) is presented.... more A signal- and noise-measurement test procedure for an RF remote keyless entry (RKE) is presented. RKE systems are often designed for automotive applications, and include an RF receiver along with either an integrated antenna or a separately located external active antenna. Unlike previous methods, the new test procedure presented here allows measurement of the signal and noise levels at the output of an RKE system's RF receiver while the receiver is installed in its usual location on board the vehicle and connected with its antenna. This procedure also solves the problem of obtaining signal and noise measurements in systems with integrated receiver/antenna units. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 116–119, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21097

This paper describes a low-profile hidden antenna diversity system for remote control automotive ... more This paper describes a low-profile hidden antenna diversity system for remote control automotive applications. The antenna system is designed for operating in the frequency range from 300 to 400 MHz, which is a commonly used frequency band in the United States and Canada. The proposed diversity antenna can be used in designs where extended range is the main system requirement.

Review of Scientific Instruments, 1999

A simple, manually adjustable hydrostatic cell for electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and photoacoustic... more A simple, manually adjustable hydrostatic cell for electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and photoacoustic studies in absolute pressure ranges from 40 kPa to 5.5 MPa is described. The cell consists of two 3-mm-thick quartz windows enclosing a 1.3-cm-diameter hole bored through a 2.54-cm-long cube block of stainless steel. Four 3-mm-diameter counterbored and taper-threaded holes on the cube walls provide minimally intrusive, chemically inert ports for temperature and acoustical monitoring. Pressure is easily varied within the cell by means of a stainless steel threaded shaft with an O-ring seal at the end, situated inside a matched internally threaded housing. An example of photoacoustic waveforms acquired under conditions of varying hydrostatic pressure is provided.

IEEE Transactions on Education, 2007

A teamwork survey was conducted at Oakland University, Rochester, MI, in 533 engineering and comp... more A teamwork survey was conducted at Oakland University, Rochester, MI, in 533 engineering and computer science courses over a two-year period. Of the 6435 student respondents, 4349 (68%) reported working in teams. Relative to the students who only worked individually, the students who worked in teams were significantly more likely to agree that the course had achieved its stated learning objectives ( 0 001). Regression analysis showed that roughly one-quarter of the variance in belief about whether the objectives were met could be explained by four factors: 1) student satisfaction with the team experience; 2) the presence of instructor guidance related to teamwork; 3) the presence of slackers on teams; and 4) team size. Pearson product-moment correlations revealed statistically significant associations between agreement that the course objectives had been fulfilled and the use of student teams and between satisfaction with teams and the occurrence of instructor guidance on teamwork skills. These and other results suggest that assigning work to student teams can lead to learning benefits and student satisfaction, provided that the instructor pays attention to how the teams and the assignments are set up.

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 2003

This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a fun... more This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a function of absolute hydrostatic pressure in organic liquids. Major topics of discussion include the pioneering work of Litovitz and Carnevale involving deduction of the chemical and structural properties of liquids from acoustical properties as a function of pressure; modern general ultrasonic studies of a broad range of organic liquids; work accomplished by Russians and others from the former Soviet block countries, particularly the work headed by Otpuschennikov at the Kursk Pedagogical Institute; the studies involving refrigerants published by Takagi at the Kyoto Institute of Technology; tribological and petroleum industry studies related to oils; Brillouin scattering experiments; and thermodynamic methods of B/A measurement. The importance of ultrasonic parameters as a function of pressure to the understanding of a variety of processes is highlighted. A table of 325 liquids and liquid mixtures with a total of 366 entries indexed by chemical name is provided. Publications involving a specific liquid are cited within the table under the entry for that liquid, with the author's name, aim of the study ͑e.g., speed of sound or absorption studies͒, methodology, and pressure/temperature ranges of the experimentation also given ͑197 references͒.

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 2003

This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a fun... more This review provides an overview of experimental results involving ultrasonic parameters as a function of absolute hydrostatic pressure in organic liquids. Major topics of discussion include the pioneering work of Litovitz and Carnevale involving deduction of the chemical and structural properties of liquids from acoustical properties as a function of pressure; modern general ultrasonic studies of a broad range of organic liquids; work accomplished by Russians and others from the former Soviet block countries, particularly the work headed by Otpuschennikov at the Kursk Pedagogical Institute; the studies involving refrigerants published by Takagi at the Kyoto Institute of Technology; tribological and petroleum industry studies related to oils; Brillouin scattering experiments; and thermodynamic methods of B/A measurement. The importance of ultrasonic parameters as a function of pressure to the understanding of a variety of processes is highlighted. A table of 325 liquids and liquid mixtures with a total of 366 entries indexed by chemical name is provided. Publications involving a specific liquid are cited within the table under the entry for that liquid, with the author's name, aim of the study ͑e.g., speed of sound or absorption studies͒, methodology, and pressure/temperature ranges of the experimentation also given ͑197 references͒.