Sakariyau A . Waheed | Old Dominion University (original) (raw)

Papers by Sakariyau A . Waheed

Environmental Health Insights, 2025

Objectives: In everyday language, climate change is an increase in the Earth’s average temperatur... more Objectives: In everyday language, climate change is an increase in the Earth’s average
temperature. Climate change negatively affects life support systems, including air, food,
water, shelter, and security, on which humans depend. This paper aims to holistically
integrate maternal and child health into climate change.
Methods: A narrative/literature review approach were adopted using papers sources from
google scholar, research gate and web of science. About 10 papers was initially gathered
and it was later scrutinized to 6.
Results: It was discovered that, climate change negatively impacts food and water
security, heat stress, extreme weather, and air pollution, with women and children most
affected. The World Health Organization estimates 250,000 climate-related deaths
annually by 2050, disproportionately affecting maternal and child health. Integrating
climate and maternal health strategies could offer benefits, yet research on adapting to
climate change’s effects on pregnancy outcomes is limited.
Conclusion: Addressing maternal and child health requires integrating health-focused
strategies into environmental policies to reduce vulnerabilities to climate-related risks. A
comprehensive approach can enhance resilience by improving healthcare access,
education, and sustainable resource management, benefiting public health and
environmental outcomes.

Keywords: heat, malnutrition, forced migration, infectious diseases, mental health problems

Environmental Health Insights, 2025

Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that are wi... more Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that are widely present in many industries. Monitoring and analyzing PFAS in Africa is challenging due to the limited availability of mass spectrometry (MS), which is an essential technique for detecting PFAS. This review assesses the scope and impact of the shortage of mass spectrometry instruments in Africa, emphasizing the resulting limitations in monitoring environmental and public health threats. The review analyzes the existing PFAS monitoring, the accessibility of MS instruments, and the technical capabilities within the continent. This study suggests that fewer African countries have sufficient MS instruments, resulting in significant underreport of environmental data and related public health issues. The review proposes financial support and programs to address these difficulties to provide necessary MS instruments. The review suggests that it is highly important to develop regional centers of excellence for PFAS monitoring using MS instruments and investing in training programs to address the gap in monitoring efforts. So, enhancing these are crucial for the successful management of the environment and safeguarding public health from the effects of PFAS contamination.

Keywords
Challenges, method, mass spectrometry, PFAS, Africa, environmental monitoring

BIOMED Natural and Applied Science, 2024

ABSTRACT Background: The coexistence of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)... more ABSTRACT
Background: The coexistence of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and pulmonary fibrosis poses significant challenges in clinical management due to shared risk factors, overlapping pathogenic mechanisms, and the complexity of co-managing multimorbid conditions. Smoking, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions are critical shared risk factors, while common molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and aberrant tissue remodeling contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. This review comprehensively examines the prevalence, shared mechanisms, and clinical implications of these comorbid conditions, emphasizing the importance of integrated management strategies
to improve patient outcomes. We further highlight research gaps and propose future directions for personalized therapeutic approaches.

Keywords: Lung cancer; Multimorbidity; Oxidative Stress; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT); Shared Molecular Mechanisms; Integrated Management Strategies; Chronic Inflammation.

International Journal of Applied Chemical and Biological Sciences, Jul 7, 2021

Iranian Journal of Toxicology

Background: Trypanosomes cause the parasitic condition, which is transmitted by tsetse fly. The d... more Background: Trypanosomes cause the parasitic condition, which is transmitted by tsetse fly. The disease is characterized by intermittent fever, anemia, and frequent diarrhea. This study examined antioxidant and anti-trypanosomal effects of the aqueous extract of garlic in mice. Methods: The extract’s phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity were performed based on standard methods. The acute toxicity was evaluated via Lorke’s method and the anti-trypanosomal effect was evaluated in mice at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg over 16 days. Results: The screening identified phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. Phenols were present at the highest amount (291.88±6.12 mg/100g) and alkaloids were present the least (13.66±0.03 mg/100g). At 100 µg/mL, the extract quenched 53.20% of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with an inhibition concentration (IC50) of 12.44 µg/mL. The lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined to be >5000 mg/kg in mice. The extract...

Bulletin of Natural Sciences Research, 2024

ABSTRACT Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by trypanosomes, which are flagellate protoz... more ABSTRACT
Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by trypanosomes, which are flagellate protozoa transmitted through the bite of the tsetse fly, manifests with symptoms including substantial weight loss, anemia, fever, edema, adenitis, dermatitis, and nervous disorders. This research investigated the impact of trypanosomiasis on a murine model while utilizing Corchorus olitorius leaf extract as a potential trypanocidal agent. An acute toxicity analysis was conducted following Lorke’s method, and the antitrypanosomal efficacy was assessed in rats at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg over three weeks, monitoring changes in parasitemia count, body weight, and hematological parameters. Additionally, lipid profile, electrolyte concentration, and liver and kidney function were evaluated using standard techniques. The extract demonstrated potent antitrypanosomal activity at 400 mg/kg, significantly reducing the parasitemia count to 11.33±4.16 count/mL compared to the positive control at 2.5 mg/kg body weight doses. Furthermore, the 400 mg/kg dose notably increased packed cell volume and body weight in infected rats. Moreover, there were no significant discrepancies in numerous hematological parameters between the infected treated with diminazene aceturate and the extract's 400 mg/kg body weight. This study suggests that Corchorus olitorius extract exhibits significant antitrypanosomal, antilipidemic, and erythropoietic effects, mitigating parasitemia count, lipid levels, and oxidative damage by impeding the biochemical activities of trypanosomes through its active constituents. Thus, Corchorus olitorius extract may offer an alternative therapeutic approach for managing trypanosomal infections.
Keywords: Corchorus olitorius, Parasite, Phytochemical Analysis, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosomiasis.

Results in Chemistry, 2024

In this study, the copper(II) complex [Cu(chromoneTSC)Cl2]•0·.5H2O•0.0625C2H5OH (where chromoneTS... more In this study, the copper(II) complex [Cu(chromoneTSC)Cl2]•0·.5H2O•0.0625C2H5OH (where chromoneTSC = (E)-N-Ethyl-2-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylene)-hydrazinecarbothioamide) was synthesized and characterized; then used to carry out in vitro studies in combination with berberine chloride (BBC). The ligand and complex were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, and conductivity measurements. The cytotoxic effect was analyzed by using the CCK-8 viability assay in cancer MDA-MB-231 VIM RFP and non-cancer MCF-10A cell lines. The IC50 values for the complex and BBC were 21.2 ± 1.6 and 48.3 ± 2.4 μM, respectively at 24 h incubation, while the IC50 value of the combination treatment was 9.3 ± 1.5 in cancer cells. The co-treatment group significantly increased the number of cells in G2 phase, indicating the growth arrest of cancer cells. Moreover, the combination group showed induction of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. There was also a study on the effect of the combination treatment on receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) as biomarkers of necroptosis. The results showed activation of necroptosis after treatment with the combination of the copper complex and BBC via the activation of RIPK3–MLKL pathway.

ChemMedChem, 2024

A library of 26 indolyl sulfonamides and 12 amide and ester analogs based upon the 6-indolyl fram... more A library of 26 indolyl sulfonamides and 12 amide and ester analogs based upon the 6-indolyl framework has been synthesized in an effort to target pancreatic cancer. The cytotoxicity of the indolyl sulfonamide compounds has been determined using a traditional (48-hour compound exposure) assay against 7 pancreatic cancer cell lines and 1 non-cancerous cell line. The potential role of the compounds as metabolic inhibitors of ATP production was evaluated using a rapid screening (2-hour compound exposure) assay developed within our laboratories. The IC50 values of the active compounds were determined using the rapid assay and six compounds displayed an IC50 value <5 μM against one or more pancreatic cancer cell lines. The ester analogs also display significant activity as potential metabolic inhibitors of ATP production with four of the six compounds displaying an IC50 value <5 μM against one or more pancreatic cancer cell lines.

Keywords: chemotherapy resistance; indole; pancreatic cancer; sulfonamide; targeted cancer therapy.

Gene, Jun 1, 2024

Background: The troponin complex plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal and cardiac contract... more Background: The troponin complex plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal and cardiac contraction. Congenital myopathies can occur due to several mutations in genes that encode skeletal troponin. Moreover, there is limited information regarding the composition of skeletal troponin. This review specifically examines a comprehensive review of the TNNC gene mutations on cardiac and skeletal regulations. Main body: Troponin C (TNNC) has been linked to a newly discovered inherited muscle disorder. Genetic variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin can impair the function of sarcomeres. Various treatment approaches have been employed to mitigate the impact of variations, including the use of troponin activators, the injection of wild-type protein via AAV gene therapy, and myosin modification to enhance muscle contraction. The processes responsible for the pathophysiological implications of the variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin are not fully understood. Conclusion: This comprehensive review will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between human cardiomyopathy and TNNC mutations and will guide the development of therapy approaches.

Research Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, Dec 30, 2023

GSC biological and pharmaceutical sciences, Dec 29, 2023

Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology Discovery, Oct 30, 2023

Elsevier, 2024

Background: The troponin complex plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal and cardiac contract... more Background: The troponin complex plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal and cardiac contraction. Congenital myopathies can occur due to several mutations in genes that encode skeletal troponin. Moreover, there is limited information regarding the composition of skeletal troponin. This review specifically examines a comprehensive review of the TNNC gene mutations on cardiac and skeletal regulations. Main body: Troponin C (TNNC) has been linked to a newly discovered inherited muscle disorder. Genetic variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin can impair the function of sarcomeres. Various treatment approaches have been employed to mitigate the impact of variations, including the use of troponin activators, the injection of wild-type protein via AAV gene therapy, and myosin modification to enhance muscle contraction. The processes responsible for the pathophysiological implications of the variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin are not fully understood. Conclusion: This comprehensive review will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between human cardiomyopathy and TNNC mutations and will guide the development of therapy approaches.

International Journal of Biological and Biomedical Resources, 2024

Hyperuricemia presents as a prevailing concern in routine clinical practice, affecting an estimat... more Hyperuricemia presents as a prevailing concern in routine clinical practice, affecting an estimated 8.9% to 24.4% of the general populace. Central to the emergence of hyperuricemia and its associated ailments is the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO), which participates in the breakdown of purines into uric acid. This investigation is dedicated to appraising the ability of Jatropha tanjorensis methanolic extract to counteract hyperuricemia and inhibit XO in mice induced with pyrazinamide. The isolation of XO from cow milk was accomplished using ammonium sulfate precipitation techniques, followed by quantification of its activity via spectrophotometric measurements at a wavelength of 293 nm. Evaluation of uric acid levels was carried out through an enzyme colorimetric approach. The yield of Jatropha tanjorensis was found to be 9.2% (27.6 g). The XO inhibitory action of the extract was evident in the reduction in uric acid concentration from 8.73 μg/ml to 4.45 μg/ml after 1 hour. Assessment of toxicity showed that the extract, even at a high dose of 8000 mg/kg bw, had no observable impact on the animals' behavior or physical appearance. The uric acid assay demonstrated that all three doses of Jatropha tanjorensis extract led to a noteworthy reduction in mean serum uric acid levels compared to the negative control group. The highest mean uric acid levels were noted in the negative control groups, measuring 5.36 ± 0.40 mg/dl and 2.71 ± 0.34 mg/dl, respectively. In contrast, the positive control group treated with febuxostat exhibited a mean uric acid level of 3.15 ± 0.27 mg/dl. Regarding weight changes, the normal control and positive control groups displayed average gains of 62.53 g and 35.94 g, respectively, while the negative control group did not exhibit substantial weight variation. Consequently, the Jatropha tanjorensis extract induced a notable reduction in serum uric acid levels, and this antihyperuricemic effect became more prominent as the extract concentration increased. This suggests the extract's potential value in managing hyperuricemia.

Research Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 2023

Curcuma longa has long been recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties in traditional medici... more Curcuma longa has long been recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties in traditional medicine systems, which has received substantial scientific validation. This study aimed to evaluate C. longa methanolic extract's proximate and anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochemical screening of C. longa was done by colorimetric and spectrophotometric approaches (both qualitative and quantitative respectively). Furthermore, a recent approach (standard method) was used to research C. longa's anti-inflammatory effects and proximate components. The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed a substantial amount of turbid alkaloid (++) but no steroid (-). Phenol (151.34±1.01 mg/100g) had the highest concentration (5.83%), while flavonoid (22.30±0.62 mg/100g) had the lowest (5.83%), according to the quantitative screening. The anti-inflammatory activity of the C. longa methanolic extract in the treated groups (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg body weight) and the positive control group demonstrated a valuable value (inhibitory values). Paw thickness was also significantly different (reduced) between the 600 mg/kg (0.7 cm at 6 hours) and positive control groups (0.5 cm at 6 hours) deducing the anti-inflammatory effects of turmeric when compared to the negative control groups. The lowest inhibition was noted in the 150 mg/kg bw group when compared to 1-6 hours of treatment. These findings demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of turmeric and its adjuvant capabilities.

Keywords: Curcuma longa, inflammation, phytochemical, proximate.

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023

The quest for novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, characterized by reduced side effects and h... more The quest for novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, characterized by reduced side effects and heightened therapeutic efficacy, holds significant importance in addressing hyperuricemia and gout. This study was undertaken to assess the inhibitory properties of Moringa oleifera seed extracts on crude XO. The isolation of crude XO from bovine (cow) milk was achieved through ammonium sulfate precipitation techniques, and its activity was subsequently quantified using spectrophotometric measurements at a wavelength of 293 nm. The impact on xanthine oxidase inhibition was investigated utilizing varying concentrations of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous solutions. Among these extracts, the ethyl acetate variant displayed the most robust inhibitory effect, with a notable inhibition rate of 89.16% ± 0.42, followed by the methanol extract at 65.59% ± 0.79 and the aqueous extract at 48.77% ± 0.85. For comparison, the positive control (allopurinol) exhibited an inhibition rate of 94.32% ± 0.66. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme were determined, revealing Vmax and km values of 0.05 U/ml and 131.35 µM, respectively. When the enzyme was exposed to the inhibitory extracts, the resulting Vmax and km values were as follows: ethyl acetate extract; 0.03 U/ml and 77.12 µM, methanol extract; 0.04 U/ml and 131.35 µM, and aqueous extract; 0.02 U/ml and 74.23 µM. This research work establishes a foundation for the potential utilization of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in addressing hyperuricemia and, consequently, gout.

Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology Discovery, 2023

A global change in dietary habits has led to the introduction of sweeteners in foods. This study ... more A global change in dietary habits has led to the introduction of sweeteners in foods. This study investigated the effect of concentrations of sucrose on liver enzymes and serum protein levels in Wistar rats. Thirty-five (35) Wistar rats were equally randomized into seven groups and fed with a rat diet mixed with sucrose at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% w/w, while the control group was fed on a normal diet without sucrose. Their blood samples were analyzed for total protein, albumin, ALT, AST, ALK phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (ƔGT) levels. The results indicated that there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in AST (16.00-82.00 µ/L), ALT (44.00-90.80 µ/L), ALK Phos (44.00-90.80 µ/L), and a corresponding decrease in total proteins (69.80-61.39 g/L), albumin (36.00-34.00 g/L) and ƔGT (493.00-191.00 µ/L) levels as the concentration of sucrose increased. Rats fed with sucrose diets had higher levels of AST (39.27 µ/L), ALT (14.50 µ/L), and ALK Phos (68.47 µ/L) than rats fed with normal diets. Therefore, high doses of sucrose can cause increases in serum liver enzymes and total proteins that are suggestive of liver necrosis. Hence, by decreasing the concentrations of sucrose, the liver may be protected.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, 2023

Occurrence of fungi and their secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins in tomatoes is of great pu... more Occurrence of fungi and their secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins in tomatoes is of great public health concern. World economies as well as human and animal health are significantly affected by their presence. It is therefore imperative to understand the species of fungi and the types of mycotoxins produced by them. This study is aimed at isolating, characterizing, and comparing the fungal load as well as quantifying aflatoxin B1 levels produced in dried tomatoes sold within Gusau metropolis. A total of 23 tomato samples were randomly obtained from different markets in the study area. Of the samples, 39 fungal isolates were found; three of the fungal isolates belong to the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus flavus, which is known largely for the production of aflatoxins, was identified as the predominant occurring fungus with 48.7% (n = 19), and the least occurring fungi were Curvularia americana and Fomitoptis maliae with 2.6% (n = 1) each. The rRNA gene of the isolates was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The sequence data were deposited in the NCBI database, and accession numbers were assigned to each isolate. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detected and quantified from the samples, and findings from this study indicated that AFB1 was present in all the samples analyzed. Also, 43.48% of the samples exceeded the maximum permissible number of 20 µg/kg set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria. In general, this result suggests that the presence of AFB1 in all the samples confirmed that Aspergillus flavus is the highest aflatoxins-producing fungus. It is therefore recommended that food products be screened for the types of fungal species and the presence of mycotoxins for food and public health safety.

Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology , 2022

Background: Eleusine coracana, a grain crop that may reach a height of 170 cm, is frequently refe... more Background: Eleusine coracana, a grain crop that may reach a height of 170 cm, is frequently referred to as a cereal food. It is a member of the Poaceae genus of plants. Due to its extreme toxicity at very low quantities, lead (Pb) is one of the most significant trace heavy metals to be examined. Aim: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of lead in finger millet in the capital city of the Niger State. Methods: The lead metal was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) following a pressurized microwaveassisted wet digestion and the use of muffle furnace on the processed/certified finger millet samples with a combination of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid (4:1:2). Based on calibration with a fortified analytical solution, the measurements were made (lead chloride). Results: With the exception of Suleja millet, which recorded a range of 0.01-1.55 mg/L, the concentration of lead in finger millet samples evaluated in all Local Governments was found to be over the WHO recommended level of acceptable lead in cereals (0.01-0.05 mg/L). The LG (0.170.08 mg/L at range of 0.09-0.32 mg/L) and Kontagora Local Government (1.570.24 mg/L at range of 1.19-1.93 mg/L) had the highest and lowest amounts, respectively. Average lead values in different types of finger millet collected from diverse LGs were statistically different from one another (p<0.05). Conclusion: The primary source of Pb in finger millet grain in various depositional locations is atmospheric deposition. The majority of the lead in millet roots comes from the soil and lead contribution rates from the soil to the millet roots in high deposition locations would be much higher than those in low deposition areas.

World News of Natural Sciences, 2022

The building blocks of living cells, proteins are enormous collections of nitrogenous organic mol... more The building blocks of living cells, proteins are enormous collections of nitrogenous organic molecules that are polymers of the amino acids that animals must consume to grow and repair their tissues. ATP-dependent proteins known as chaperones serve as foldases (protein folding assistants), holdases (bind folding intermediates), and disaggregates (convert aberrant protein to monomers). Chaperones include, but are not limited to, DnaJ, DnaK, GrpE, and Hsp33. The majority of chaperones have a cleft containing the nucleotide-binding site that divides the ATPase domain into two subdomains. The features of the C-terminal domain depend on the kind of bound nucleotide. In the presence of ATP, peptides bind and dissociate quickly and with low affinity. In contrast, the affinity increases significantly while the rate of peptide binding reduces when neither ADP nor nucleotide are connected to the Nterminal domain. Hsp90 is a homodimer with a 60 n dissociation constant. In reaction to high temperature or other types of cellular stress that prevent protein folding, several chaperones turn on their activity. Neurodegenerative, Parkinson's, and polyQ diseases, among others, can all be treated with chaperones. This is possible when a protein prevents the accumulation of protein species with improper folding. The suppression of dangerous protein oligomers by clustering, illness response related to protein aggregation, and cancer maintenance are a few new functions for chaperones that are still being discovered.

Environmental Health Insights, 2025

Objectives: In everyday language, climate change is an increase in the Earth’s average temperatur... more Objectives: In everyday language, climate change is an increase in the Earth’s average
temperature. Climate change negatively affects life support systems, including air, food,
water, shelter, and security, on which humans depend. This paper aims to holistically
integrate maternal and child health into climate change.
Methods: A narrative/literature review approach were adopted using papers sources from
google scholar, research gate and web of science. About 10 papers was initially gathered
and it was later scrutinized to 6.
Results: It was discovered that, climate change negatively impacts food and water
security, heat stress, extreme weather, and air pollution, with women and children most
affected. The World Health Organization estimates 250,000 climate-related deaths
annually by 2050, disproportionately affecting maternal and child health. Integrating
climate and maternal health strategies could offer benefits, yet research on adapting to
climate change’s effects on pregnancy outcomes is limited.
Conclusion: Addressing maternal and child health requires integrating health-focused
strategies into environmental policies to reduce vulnerabilities to climate-related risks. A
comprehensive approach can enhance resilience by improving healthcare access,
education, and sustainable resource management, benefiting public health and
environmental outcomes.

Keywords: heat, malnutrition, forced migration, infectious diseases, mental health problems

Environmental Health Insights, 2025

Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that are wi... more Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals that are widely present in many industries. Monitoring and analyzing PFAS in Africa is challenging due to the limited availability of mass spectrometry (MS), which is an essential technique for detecting PFAS. This review assesses the scope and impact of the shortage of mass spectrometry instruments in Africa, emphasizing the resulting limitations in monitoring environmental and public health threats. The review analyzes the existing PFAS monitoring, the accessibility of MS instruments, and the technical capabilities within the continent. This study suggests that fewer African countries have sufficient MS instruments, resulting in significant underreport of environmental data and related public health issues. The review proposes financial support and programs to address these difficulties to provide necessary MS instruments. The review suggests that it is highly important to develop regional centers of excellence for PFAS monitoring using MS instruments and investing in training programs to address the gap in monitoring efforts. So, enhancing these are crucial for the successful management of the environment and safeguarding public health from the effects of PFAS contamination.

Keywords
Challenges, method, mass spectrometry, PFAS, Africa, environmental monitoring

BIOMED Natural and Applied Science, 2024

ABSTRACT Background: The coexistence of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)... more ABSTRACT
Background: The coexistence of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and pulmonary fibrosis poses significant challenges in clinical management due to shared risk factors, overlapping pathogenic mechanisms, and the complexity of co-managing multimorbid conditions. Smoking, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions are critical shared risk factors, while common molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and aberrant tissue remodeling contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. This review comprehensively examines the prevalence, shared mechanisms, and clinical implications of these comorbid conditions, emphasizing the importance of integrated management strategies
to improve patient outcomes. We further highlight research gaps and propose future directions for personalized therapeutic approaches.

Keywords: Lung cancer; Multimorbidity; Oxidative Stress; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT); Shared Molecular Mechanisms; Integrated Management Strategies; Chronic Inflammation.

International Journal of Applied Chemical and Biological Sciences, Jul 7, 2021

Iranian Journal of Toxicology

Background: Trypanosomes cause the parasitic condition, which is transmitted by tsetse fly. The d... more Background: Trypanosomes cause the parasitic condition, which is transmitted by tsetse fly. The disease is characterized by intermittent fever, anemia, and frequent diarrhea. This study examined antioxidant and anti-trypanosomal effects of the aqueous extract of garlic in mice. Methods: The extract’s phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity were performed based on standard methods. The acute toxicity was evaluated via Lorke’s method and the anti-trypanosomal effect was evaluated in mice at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg over 16 days. Results: The screening identified phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. Phenols were present at the highest amount (291.88±6.12 mg/100g) and alkaloids were present the least (13.66±0.03 mg/100g). At 100 µg/mL, the extract quenched 53.20% of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with an inhibition concentration (IC50) of 12.44 µg/mL. The lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined to be >5000 mg/kg in mice. The extract...

Bulletin of Natural Sciences Research, 2024

ABSTRACT Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by trypanosomes, which are flagellate protoz... more ABSTRACT
Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by trypanosomes, which are flagellate protozoa transmitted through the bite of the tsetse fly, manifests with symptoms including substantial weight loss, anemia, fever, edema, adenitis, dermatitis, and nervous disorders. This research investigated the impact of trypanosomiasis on a murine model while utilizing Corchorus olitorius leaf extract as a potential trypanocidal agent. An acute toxicity analysis was conducted following Lorke’s method, and the antitrypanosomal efficacy was assessed in rats at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg over three weeks, monitoring changes in parasitemia count, body weight, and hematological parameters. Additionally, lipid profile, electrolyte concentration, and liver and kidney function were evaluated using standard techniques. The extract demonstrated potent antitrypanosomal activity at 400 mg/kg, significantly reducing the parasitemia count to 11.33±4.16 count/mL compared to the positive control at 2.5 mg/kg body weight doses. Furthermore, the 400 mg/kg dose notably increased packed cell volume and body weight in infected rats. Moreover, there were no significant discrepancies in numerous hematological parameters between the infected treated with diminazene aceturate and the extract's 400 mg/kg body weight. This study suggests that Corchorus olitorius extract exhibits significant antitrypanosomal, antilipidemic, and erythropoietic effects, mitigating parasitemia count, lipid levels, and oxidative damage by impeding the biochemical activities of trypanosomes through its active constituents. Thus, Corchorus olitorius extract may offer an alternative therapeutic approach for managing trypanosomal infections.
Keywords: Corchorus olitorius, Parasite, Phytochemical Analysis, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosomiasis.

Results in Chemistry, 2024

In this study, the copper(II) complex [Cu(chromoneTSC)Cl2]•0·.5H2O•0.0625C2H5OH (where chromoneTS... more In this study, the copper(II) complex [Cu(chromoneTSC)Cl2]•0·.5H2O•0.0625C2H5OH (where chromoneTSC = (E)-N-Ethyl-2-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylene)-hydrazinecarbothioamide) was synthesized and characterized; then used to carry out in vitro studies in combination with berberine chloride (BBC). The ligand and complex were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, and conductivity measurements. The cytotoxic effect was analyzed by using the CCK-8 viability assay in cancer MDA-MB-231 VIM RFP and non-cancer MCF-10A cell lines. The IC50 values for the complex and BBC were 21.2 ± 1.6 and 48.3 ± 2.4 μM, respectively at 24 h incubation, while the IC50 value of the combination treatment was 9.3 ± 1.5 in cancer cells. The co-treatment group significantly increased the number of cells in G2 phase, indicating the growth arrest of cancer cells. Moreover, the combination group showed induction of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. There was also a study on the effect of the combination treatment on receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) as biomarkers of necroptosis. The results showed activation of necroptosis after treatment with the combination of the copper complex and BBC via the activation of RIPK3–MLKL pathway.

ChemMedChem, 2024

A library of 26 indolyl sulfonamides and 12 amide and ester analogs based upon the 6-indolyl fram... more A library of 26 indolyl sulfonamides and 12 amide and ester analogs based upon the 6-indolyl framework has been synthesized in an effort to target pancreatic cancer. The cytotoxicity of the indolyl sulfonamide compounds has been determined using a traditional (48-hour compound exposure) assay against 7 pancreatic cancer cell lines and 1 non-cancerous cell line. The potential role of the compounds as metabolic inhibitors of ATP production was evaluated using a rapid screening (2-hour compound exposure) assay developed within our laboratories. The IC50 values of the active compounds were determined using the rapid assay and six compounds displayed an IC50 value <5 μM against one or more pancreatic cancer cell lines. The ester analogs also display significant activity as potential metabolic inhibitors of ATP production with four of the six compounds displaying an IC50 value <5 μM against one or more pancreatic cancer cell lines.

Keywords: chemotherapy resistance; indole; pancreatic cancer; sulfonamide; targeted cancer therapy.

Gene, Jun 1, 2024

Background: The troponin complex plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal and cardiac contract... more Background: The troponin complex plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal and cardiac contraction. Congenital myopathies can occur due to several mutations in genes that encode skeletal troponin. Moreover, there is limited information regarding the composition of skeletal troponin. This review specifically examines a comprehensive review of the TNNC gene mutations on cardiac and skeletal regulations. Main body: Troponin C (TNNC) has been linked to a newly discovered inherited muscle disorder. Genetic variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin can impair the function of sarcomeres. Various treatment approaches have been employed to mitigate the impact of variations, including the use of troponin activators, the injection of wild-type protein via AAV gene therapy, and myosin modification to enhance muscle contraction. The processes responsible for the pathophysiological implications of the variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin are not fully understood. Conclusion: This comprehensive review will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between human cardiomyopathy and TNNC mutations and will guide the development of therapy approaches.

Research Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, Dec 30, 2023

GSC biological and pharmaceutical sciences, Dec 29, 2023

Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology Discovery, Oct 30, 2023

Elsevier, 2024

Background: The troponin complex plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal and cardiac contract... more Background: The troponin complex plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal and cardiac contraction. Congenital myopathies can occur due to several mutations in genes that encode skeletal troponin. Moreover, there is limited information regarding the composition of skeletal troponin. This review specifically examines a comprehensive review of the TNNC gene mutations on cardiac and skeletal regulations. Main body: Troponin C (TNNC) has been linked to a newly discovered inherited muscle disorder. Genetic variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin can impair the function of sarcomeres. Various treatment approaches have been employed to mitigate the impact of variations, including the use of troponin activators, the injection of wild-type protein via AAV gene therapy, and myosin modification to enhance muscle contraction. The processes responsible for the pathophysiological implications of the variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin are not fully understood. Conclusion: This comprehensive review will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between human cardiomyopathy and TNNC mutations and will guide the development of therapy approaches.

International Journal of Biological and Biomedical Resources, 2024

Hyperuricemia presents as a prevailing concern in routine clinical practice, affecting an estimat... more Hyperuricemia presents as a prevailing concern in routine clinical practice, affecting an estimated 8.9% to 24.4% of the general populace. Central to the emergence of hyperuricemia and its associated ailments is the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO), which participates in the breakdown of purines into uric acid. This investigation is dedicated to appraising the ability of Jatropha tanjorensis methanolic extract to counteract hyperuricemia and inhibit XO in mice induced with pyrazinamide. The isolation of XO from cow milk was accomplished using ammonium sulfate precipitation techniques, followed by quantification of its activity via spectrophotometric measurements at a wavelength of 293 nm. Evaluation of uric acid levels was carried out through an enzyme colorimetric approach. The yield of Jatropha tanjorensis was found to be 9.2% (27.6 g). The XO inhibitory action of the extract was evident in the reduction in uric acid concentration from 8.73 μg/ml to 4.45 μg/ml after 1 hour. Assessment of toxicity showed that the extract, even at a high dose of 8000 mg/kg bw, had no observable impact on the animals' behavior or physical appearance. The uric acid assay demonstrated that all three doses of Jatropha tanjorensis extract led to a noteworthy reduction in mean serum uric acid levels compared to the negative control group. The highest mean uric acid levels were noted in the negative control groups, measuring 5.36 ± 0.40 mg/dl and 2.71 ± 0.34 mg/dl, respectively. In contrast, the positive control group treated with febuxostat exhibited a mean uric acid level of 3.15 ± 0.27 mg/dl. Regarding weight changes, the normal control and positive control groups displayed average gains of 62.53 g and 35.94 g, respectively, while the negative control group did not exhibit substantial weight variation. Consequently, the Jatropha tanjorensis extract induced a notable reduction in serum uric acid levels, and this antihyperuricemic effect became more prominent as the extract concentration increased. This suggests the extract's potential value in managing hyperuricemia.

Research Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 2023

Curcuma longa has long been recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties in traditional medici... more Curcuma longa has long been recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties in traditional medicine systems, which has received substantial scientific validation. This study aimed to evaluate C. longa methanolic extract's proximate and anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochemical screening of C. longa was done by colorimetric and spectrophotometric approaches (both qualitative and quantitative respectively). Furthermore, a recent approach (standard method) was used to research C. longa's anti-inflammatory effects and proximate components. The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed a substantial amount of turbid alkaloid (++) but no steroid (-). Phenol (151.34±1.01 mg/100g) had the highest concentration (5.83%), while flavonoid (22.30±0.62 mg/100g) had the lowest (5.83%), according to the quantitative screening. The anti-inflammatory activity of the C. longa methanolic extract in the treated groups (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg body weight) and the positive control group demonstrated a valuable value (inhibitory values). Paw thickness was also significantly different (reduced) between the 600 mg/kg (0.7 cm at 6 hours) and positive control groups (0.5 cm at 6 hours) deducing the anti-inflammatory effects of turmeric when compared to the negative control groups. The lowest inhibition was noted in the 150 mg/kg bw group when compared to 1-6 hours of treatment. These findings demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of turmeric and its adjuvant capabilities.

Keywords: Curcuma longa, inflammation, phytochemical, proximate.

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023

The quest for novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, characterized by reduced side effects and h... more The quest for novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, characterized by reduced side effects and heightened therapeutic efficacy, holds significant importance in addressing hyperuricemia and gout. This study was undertaken to assess the inhibitory properties of Moringa oleifera seed extracts on crude XO. The isolation of crude XO from bovine (cow) milk was achieved through ammonium sulfate precipitation techniques, and its activity was subsequently quantified using spectrophotometric measurements at a wavelength of 293 nm. The impact on xanthine oxidase inhibition was investigated utilizing varying concentrations of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous solutions. Among these extracts, the ethyl acetate variant displayed the most robust inhibitory effect, with a notable inhibition rate of 89.16% ± 0.42, followed by the methanol extract at 65.59% ± 0.79 and the aqueous extract at 48.77% ± 0.85. For comparison, the positive control (allopurinol) exhibited an inhibition rate of 94.32% ± 0.66. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme were determined, revealing Vmax and km values of 0.05 U/ml and 131.35 µM, respectively. When the enzyme was exposed to the inhibitory extracts, the resulting Vmax and km values were as follows: ethyl acetate extract; 0.03 U/ml and 77.12 µM, methanol extract; 0.04 U/ml and 131.35 µM, and aqueous extract; 0.02 U/ml and 74.23 µM. This research work establishes a foundation for the potential utilization of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in addressing hyperuricemia and, consequently, gout.

Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology Discovery, 2023

A global change in dietary habits has led to the introduction of sweeteners in foods. This study ... more A global change in dietary habits has led to the introduction of sweeteners in foods. This study investigated the effect of concentrations of sucrose on liver enzymes and serum protein levels in Wistar rats. Thirty-five (35) Wistar rats were equally randomized into seven groups and fed with a rat diet mixed with sucrose at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% w/w, while the control group was fed on a normal diet without sucrose. Their blood samples were analyzed for total protein, albumin, ALT, AST, ALK phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (ƔGT) levels. The results indicated that there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in AST (16.00-82.00 µ/L), ALT (44.00-90.80 µ/L), ALK Phos (44.00-90.80 µ/L), and a corresponding decrease in total proteins (69.80-61.39 g/L), albumin (36.00-34.00 g/L) and ƔGT (493.00-191.00 µ/L) levels as the concentration of sucrose increased. Rats fed with sucrose diets had higher levels of AST (39.27 µ/L), ALT (14.50 µ/L), and ALK Phos (68.47 µ/L) than rats fed with normal diets. Therefore, high doses of sucrose can cause increases in serum liver enzymes and total proteins that are suggestive of liver necrosis. Hence, by decreasing the concentrations of sucrose, the liver may be protected.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, 2023

Occurrence of fungi and their secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins in tomatoes is of great pu... more Occurrence of fungi and their secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins in tomatoes is of great public health concern. World economies as well as human and animal health are significantly affected by their presence. It is therefore imperative to understand the species of fungi and the types of mycotoxins produced by them. This study is aimed at isolating, characterizing, and comparing the fungal load as well as quantifying aflatoxin B1 levels produced in dried tomatoes sold within Gusau metropolis. A total of 23 tomato samples were randomly obtained from different markets in the study area. Of the samples, 39 fungal isolates were found; three of the fungal isolates belong to the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus flavus, which is known largely for the production of aflatoxins, was identified as the predominant occurring fungus with 48.7% (n = 19), and the least occurring fungi were Curvularia americana and Fomitoptis maliae with 2.6% (n = 1) each. The rRNA gene of the isolates was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The sequence data were deposited in the NCBI database, and accession numbers were assigned to each isolate. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detected and quantified from the samples, and findings from this study indicated that AFB1 was present in all the samples analyzed. Also, 43.48% of the samples exceeded the maximum permissible number of 20 µg/kg set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria. In general, this result suggests that the presence of AFB1 in all the samples confirmed that Aspergillus flavus is the highest aflatoxins-producing fungus. It is therefore recommended that food products be screened for the types of fungal species and the presence of mycotoxins for food and public health safety.

Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology , 2022

Background: Eleusine coracana, a grain crop that may reach a height of 170 cm, is frequently refe... more Background: Eleusine coracana, a grain crop that may reach a height of 170 cm, is frequently referred to as a cereal food. It is a member of the Poaceae genus of plants. Due to its extreme toxicity at very low quantities, lead (Pb) is one of the most significant trace heavy metals to be examined. Aim: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of lead in finger millet in the capital city of the Niger State. Methods: The lead metal was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) following a pressurized microwaveassisted wet digestion and the use of muffle furnace on the processed/certified finger millet samples with a combination of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid (4:1:2). Based on calibration with a fortified analytical solution, the measurements were made (lead chloride). Results: With the exception of Suleja millet, which recorded a range of 0.01-1.55 mg/L, the concentration of lead in finger millet samples evaluated in all Local Governments was found to be over the WHO recommended level of acceptable lead in cereals (0.01-0.05 mg/L). The LG (0.170.08 mg/L at range of 0.09-0.32 mg/L) and Kontagora Local Government (1.570.24 mg/L at range of 1.19-1.93 mg/L) had the highest and lowest amounts, respectively. Average lead values in different types of finger millet collected from diverse LGs were statistically different from one another (p<0.05). Conclusion: The primary source of Pb in finger millet grain in various depositional locations is atmospheric deposition. The majority of the lead in millet roots comes from the soil and lead contribution rates from the soil to the millet roots in high deposition locations would be much higher than those in low deposition areas.

World News of Natural Sciences, 2022

The building blocks of living cells, proteins are enormous collections of nitrogenous organic mol... more The building blocks of living cells, proteins are enormous collections of nitrogenous organic molecules that are polymers of the amino acids that animals must consume to grow and repair their tissues. ATP-dependent proteins known as chaperones serve as foldases (protein folding assistants), holdases (bind folding intermediates), and disaggregates (convert aberrant protein to monomers). Chaperones include, but are not limited to, DnaJ, DnaK, GrpE, and Hsp33. The majority of chaperones have a cleft containing the nucleotide-binding site that divides the ATPase domain into two subdomains. The features of the C-terminal domain depend on the kind of bound nucleotide. In the presence of ATP, peptides bind and dissociate quickly and with low affinity. In contrast, the affinity increases significantly while the rate of peptide binding reduces when neither ADP nor nucleotide are connected to the Nterminal domain. Hsp90 is a homodimer with a 60 n dissociation constant. In reaction to high temperature or other types of cellular stress that prevent protein folding, several chaperones turn on their activity. Neurodegenerative, Parkinson's, and polyQ diseases, among others, can all be treated with chaperones. This is possible when a protein prevents the accumulation of protein species with improper folding. The suppression of dangerous protein oligomers by clustering, illness response related to protein aggregation, and cancer maintenance are a few new functions for chaperones that are still being discovered.