A000005 - OEIS (original) (raw)

1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 6, 2, 4, 4, 5, 2, 6, 2, 6, 4, 4, 2, 8, 3, 4, 4, 6, 2, 8, 2, 6, 4, 4, 4, 9, 2, 4, 4, 8, 2, 8, 2, 6, 6, 4, 2, 10, 3, 6, 4, 6, 2, 8, 4, 8, 4, 4, 2, 12, 2, 4, 6, 7, 4, 8, 2, 6, 4, 8, 2, 12, 2, 4, 6, 6, 4, 8, 2, 10, 5, 4, 2, 12, 4, 4, 4, 8, 2, 12, 4, 6, 4, 4, 4, 12, 2, 6, 6, 9, 2, 8, 2, 8

COMMENTS

If the canonical factorization of n into prime powers is Product p^e(p) then d(n) = Product (e(p) + 1). More generally, for k > 0, sigma_k(n) = Product_p ((p^((e(p)+1)*k))-1)/(p^k-1) is the sum of the k-th powers of the divisors of n.

Number of ways to write n as n = x*y, 1 <= x <= n, 1 <= y <= n. For number of unordered solutions to x*y=n, see A038548.

Note that d(n) is not the number of Pythagorean triangles with radius of the inscribed circle equal to n (that is A078644). For number of primitive Pythagorean triangles having inradius n, see A068068(n).

Number of factors in the factorization of the polynomial x^n-1 over the integers. - T. D. Noe, Apr 16 2003

Also equal to the number of partitions p of n such that all the parts have the same cardinality, i.e., max(p)=min(p). - Giovanni Resta, Feb 06 2006

Equals A127093 as an infinite lower triangular matrix * the harmonic series, [1/1, 1/2, 1/3, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, May 10 2007

For odd n, this is the number of partitions of n into consecutive integers. Proof: For n = 1, clearly true. For n = 2k + 1, k >= 1, map each (necessarily odd) divisor to such a partition as follows: For 1 and n, map k + (k+1) and n, respectively. For any remaining divisor d <= sqrt(n), map (n/d - (d-1)/2) + ... + (n/d - 1) + (n/d) + (n/d + 1) + ... + (n/d + (d-1)/2) {i.e., n/d plus (d-1)/2 pairs each summing to 2n/d}. For any remaining divisor d > sqrt(n), map ((d-1)/2 - (n/d - 1)) + ... + ((d-1)/2 - 1) + (d-1)/2 + (d+1)/2 + ((d+1)/2 + 1) + ... + ((d+1)/2 + (n/d - 1)) {i.e., n/d pairs each summing to d}. As all such partitions must be of one of the above forms, the 1-to-1 correspondence and proof is complete. - Rick L. Shepherd, Apr 20 2008

Number of subgroups of the cyclic group of order n. - Benoit Jubin, Apr 29 2008

Equals row sums of triangle A159934, equivalent to generating a(n) by convolving A000005 prefaced with a 1; (1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, ...) with the INVERTi transform of A000005, (A159933): (1, 1,-1, 0, -1, 2, ...). Example: a(6) = 4 = (1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2) dot (2, -1, 0, -1, 1, 1) = (2, -1, 0, -2, 3, 2) = 4. - Gary W. Adamson, Apr 26 2009

Number of times n appears in an n X n multiplication table. - Dominick Cancilla, Aug 02 2010

Number of k >= 0 such that (k^2 + k*n + k)/(k + 1) is an integer. - Juri-Stepan Gerasimov, Oct 25 2015

The only numbers k such that tau(k) >= k/2 are 1,2,3,4,6,8,12. - Michael De Vlieger, Dec 14 2016

a(n) is also the number of partitions of 2*n into equal parts, minus the number of partitions of 2*n into consecutive parts. - Omar E. Pol, May 03 2017

Let k(n) = log d(n)*log log n/(log 2 * log n), then lim sup k(n) = 1 (Hardy and Wright, Chapter 18, Theorem 317) and k(n) <= k(6983776800) = 1.537939... (the constant A280235) for every n (Nicolas and Robin, 1983).

There exist infinitely many n such that d(n) = d(n+1) (Heath-Brown, 1984). The number of such integers n <= x is at least c*x/(log log x)^3 (Hildebrand, 1987) but at most O(x/sqrt(log log x)) (Erdős, Carl Pomerance and Sárközy, 1987).

(End)

Number of 2D grids of n congruent rectangles with two different side lengths, in a rectangle, modulo rotation (cf. A038548 for squares instead of rectangles). Also number of ways to arrange n identical objects in a rectangle (NOT modulo rotation, cf. A038548 for modulo rotation); cf. A007425 and A140773 for the 3D case. - Manfred Boergens, Jun 08 2021

REFERENCES

M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964 (and various reprintings), p. 840.

T. M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 38.

G. Chrystal, Algebra: An elementary text-book for the higher classes of secondary schools and for colleges, 6th ed, Chelsea Publishing Co., New York 1959 Part II, p. 345, Exercise XXI(16). MR0121327 (22 #12066)

G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, revised by D. R. Heath-Brown and J. H. Silverman, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 6th ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2008.

K. Knopp, Theory and Application of Infinite Series, Blackie, London, 1951, p. 451.

D. S. Mitrinovic et al., Handbook of Number Theory, Kluwer, Chap. II. (For inequalities, etc.)

S. Ramanujan, Collected Papers, Ed. G. H. Hardy et al., Cambridge 1927; Chelsea, NY, 1962. Has many references to this sequence. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 02 2014

N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

B. Spearman and K. S. Williams, Handbook of Estimates in the Theory of Numbers, Carleton Math. Lecture Note Series No. 14, 1975; see p. 2.1.

E. C. Titchmarsh, The Theory of Functions, Oxford, 1938, p. 160.

Terence Tao, Poincaré's Legacies, Part I, Amer. Math. Soc., 2009, see pp. 31ff for upper bounds on d(n).

LINKS

M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972 [alternative scanned copy, requires Flash plugin].

G. E. Andrews, Some debts I owe, Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire, Paper B42a, Issue 42, 2000; see (7.1).

Robbert Fokkink and Jan van Neerven, Problemen/UWC (in Dutch)

J. J. Holt and J. W. Jones, Counting Divisors, Discovering Number Theory, Section 1.4.

Ed Pegg, Jr., Sequence Pictures, Math Games column, Dec 08 2003. [Cached copy, with permission (pdf only)]

Omar E. Pol, Illustration of initial terms: figure 1, figure 2, figure 3, figure 4, figure 5, (2009), figure 6 (a, b, c), (2013)

FORMULA

If n is written as 2^z*3^y*5^x*7^w*11^v*... then a(n)=(z+1)*(y+1)*(x+1)*(w+1)*(v+1)*...

a(n) = 2 iff n is prime.

G.f.: Sum_{n >= 1} a(n) x^n = Sum_{k>0} x^k/(1-x^k). This is usually called THE Lambert series (see Knopp, Titchmarsh).

Multiplicative with a(p^e) = e+1. - David W. Wilson, Aug 01 2001

a(n) <= 2 sqrt(n) [see Mitrinovich, p. 39, also A046522].

a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} f(k, n) where f(k, n) = 1 if k divides n, 0 otherwise (Mobius transform of A000012). Equivalently, f(k, n) = (1/k)*Sum_{l=1..k} z(k, l)^n with z(k, l) the k-th roots of unity. - Ralf Stephan, Dec 25 2002

G.f.: Sum_{k>0} ((-1)^(k+1) * x^(k * (k + 1)/2) / ((1 - x^k) * Product_{i=1..k} (1 - x^i))). - Michael Somos, Apr 27 2003

a(n) = n - Sum_{k=1..n} (ceiling(n/k) - floor(n/k)). - Benoit Cloitre, May 11 2003

G.f.: Sum_{k>0} x^(k^2)*(1+x^k)/(1-x^k). Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(s)^2. - Michael Somos, Apr 05 2003

Sequence = M*V where M = A129372 as an infinite lower triangular matrix and V = ruler sequence A001511 as a vector: [1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 4, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Apr 15 2007

Sequence = M*V, where M = A115361 is an infinite lower triangular matrix and V = A001227, the number of odd divisors of n, is a vector: [1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Apr 15 2007

Sum_{n>0} a(n)/(n^n) = Sum_{n>0, m>0} 1/(n*m). - Gerald McGarvey, Dec 15 2007

Logarithmic g.f.: Sum_{n>=1} a(n)/n * x^n = -log( Product_{n>=1} (1-x^n)^(1/n) ). - Joerg Arndt, May 03 2008

a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} (floor(n/k) - floor((n-1)/k)). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Aug 27 2009

For n > 1, a(n) = 2 + Sum_{k=2..n-1} floor((cos(Pi*n/k))^2). And floor((cos(Pi*n/k))^2) = floor(1/4 * e^(-(2*i*Pi*n)/k) + 1/4 * e^((2*i*Pi*n)/k) + 1/2). - Eric Desbiaux, Mar 09 2010, corrected Apr 16 2011

a(n) = 1 + Sum_{k=1..n} (floor(2^n/(2^k-1)) mod 2) for every n. - Fabio Civolani (civox(AT)tiscali.it), Mar 12 2010

(Sum_{d|n} a(d))^2 = Sum_{d|n} a(d)^3 (J. Liouville).

Sum_{d|n} A008836(d)*a(d)^2 = A008836(n)*Sum_{d|n} a(d). (End)

a(n) = sigma_0(n) = 1 + Sum_{m>=2} Sum_{r>=1} (1/m^(r+1))*Sum_{j=1..m-1} Sum_{k=0..m^(r+1)-1} e^(2*k*Pi*i*(n+(m-j)*m^r)/m^(r+1)). - A. Neves, Oct 04 2010

Sum_{n>=1} a(n)*q^n = (log(1-q) + psi_q(1)) / log(q), where psi_q(z) is the q-digamma function. - Vladimir Reshetnikov, Apr 23 2013

G.f.: Sum_{k>=1} Sum_{j>=1} x^(j*k). - Mats Granvik, Jun 15 2013

The formula above is obtained by expanding the Lambert series Sum_{k>=1} x^k/(1-x^k). - Joerg Arndt, Mar 12 2014

G.f.: Sum_{n>=1} Sum_{d|n} ( -log(1 - x^(n/d)) )^d / d!. - Paul D. Hanna, Aug 21 2014

2*Pi*a(n) = Sum_{m=1..n} Integral_{x=0..2*Pi} r^(m-n)( cos((m-n)*x)-r^m cos(n*x) )/( 1+r^(2*m)-2r^m cos(m*x) )dx, 0 < r < 1 a free parameter. This formula is obtained as the sum of the residues of the Lambert series Sum_{k>=1} x^k/(1-x^k). - Seiichi Kirikami, Oct 22 2015

G.f.: 2*x/(1-x) - Sum_{k>0} x^k*(1-2*x^k)/(1-x^k). - Mamuka Jibladze, Aug 29 2018

a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} 1/phi(n / gcd(n, k)). - Daniel Suteu, Nov 05 2018

a(k*n) = a(n)*(f(k,n)+2)/(f(k,n)+1), where f(k,n) is the exponent of the highest power of k dividing n and k is prime. - Gary Detlefs, Feb 08 2019

a(n) = 2*log(p(n))/log(n), n > 1, where p(n)= the product of the factors of n = A007955(n). - Gary Detlefs, Feb 15 2019

a(n) = (1/n) * Sum_{k=1..n} sigma(gcd(n,k)), where sigma(n) = sum of divisors of n. - Orges Leka, May 09 2019

a(n) = A038040(n) / n = (1/n)*Sum_{d|n} phi(d)*sigma(n/d), where phi = A000010 and sigma = A000203.

a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} phi(gcd(n,k))*sigma(n/gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)). (End)

a(n) = Sum_{j=1..n} Sum_{k=1..j} (1/j)*cos(2*k*n*Pi/j);

a(n) = Sum_{j=1..n} Sum_{k=1..j} (1/j)*e^(2*k*n*Pi*i/j), where i^2=-1. (End)

EXAMPLE

G.f. = x + 2*x^2 + 2*x^3 + 3*x^4 + 2*x^5 + 4*x^6 + 2*x^7 + 4*x^8 + 3*x^9 + ...

MAPLE

with(numtheory): A000005 := tau; [ seq(tau(n), n=1..100) ];

MATHEMATICA

CoefficientList[Series[(Log[1 - q] + QPolyGamma[1, q])/(q Log[q]), {q, 0, 100}], q] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, Apr 23 2013 *)

a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ (QPolyGamma[ 1, q] + Log[1 - q]) / Log[q], {q, 0, Abs@n}]; (* Michael Somos, Apr 25 2013 *)

a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ q/(1 - q)^2 QHypergeometricPFQ[ {q, q}, {q^2, q^2}, q, q^2], {q, 0, Abs@n}]; (* Michael Somos, Mar 05 2014 *)

a[n_] := SeriesCoefficient[q/(1 - q) QHypergeometricPFQ[{q, q}, {q^2}, q, q], {q, 0, Abs@n}] (* Mats Granvik, Apr 15 2015 *)

With[{M=500}, CoefficientList[Series[(2x)/(1-x)-Sum[x^k (1-2x^k)/(1-x^k), {k, M}], {x, 0, M}], x]] (* Mamuka Jibladze, Aug 31 2018 *)

PROG

(PARI) {a(n) = if( n==0, 0, numdiv(n))}; /* Michael Somos, Apr 27 2003 */

(PARI) {a(n) = n=abs(n); if( n<1, 0, direuler( p=2, n, 1 / (1 - X)^2)[n])}; /* Michael Somos, Apr 27 2003 */

(PARI) {a(n)=polcoeff(sum(m=1, n+1, sumdiv(m, d, (-log(1-x^(m/d) +x*O(x^n) ))^d/d!)), n)} \\ Paul D. Hanna, Aug 21 2014

(Magma) [ NumberOfDivisors(n) : n in [1..100] ]; // Sergei Haller (sergei(AT)sergei-haller.de), Dec 21 2006

(MuPAD) numlib::tau (n)$ n=1..90 // Zerinvary Lajos, May 13 2008

(Sage) [sigma(n, 0) for n in range(1, 105)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 04 2009

(Haskell)

divisors 1 = [1]

divisors n = (1:filter ((==0) . rem n)

[2..n `div` 2]) ++ [n]

a = length . divisors

(Haskell)

a000005 = product . map (+ 1) . a124010_row -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2013

(Python)

from sympy import divisor_count

for n in range(1, 20): print(divisor_count(n), end=', ') # Stefano Spezia, Nov 05 2018

(GAP) List([1..150], n->Tau(n)); # Muniru A Asiru, Mar 05 2019

(Julia)

function tau(n)

i = 2; num = 1

while i * i <= n

if rem(n, i) == 0

e = 0

while rem(n, i) == 0

e += 1

n = div(n, i)

end

num *= e + 1

end

i += 1

end

return n > 1 ? num + num : num

end

println([tau(n) for n in 1:104]) # Peter Luschny, Sep 03 2023

CROSSREFS

See A002183, A002182 for records. See A000203 for the sum-of-divisors function sigma(n).

For partial sums see A006218.

Cf. A007427 (Dirichlet Inverse), A001227, A005237, A005238, A006601, A006558, A019273, A039665, A049051, A001826, A001842, A049820, A051731, A066446, A106737, A129510, A115361, A129372, A127093, A143319, A061017, A091202, A091220, A156552, A159933, A159934, A027750, A163280, A183063, A263730, A034296, A237665.

Factorizations into given number of factors: writing n = x*y (A038548, unordered, A000005, ordered), n = x*y*z (A034836, unordered, A007425, ordered), n = w*x*y*z (A007426, ordered).

KEYWORD

easy,core,nonn,nice,mult,hear