Heather Lawrence | Ohio University (original) (raw)
Papers by Heather Lawrence
Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 2020
PurposeThe criticisms put forward against economic impact studies lead to a key question: “Is it ... more PurposeThe criticisms put forward against economic impact studies lead to a key question: “Is it possible to measure the impact of sporting properties and events in a holistic, conservative, and reliable way?” This research endeavors to build on the academic literature to add to the scope and rigor of economic impact research by proposing an impact assessment process model for practitioners that facilitates employment of a holistic, conservative and reliable impact study and seeks to address these concerns.Design/methodology/approachUsing seven identified key realities that highlight the challenges facing impact studies, and adopting a collaborative self-ethnographic methodological approach, the work highlights lessons learned from four empirical economic impact studies undertaken by the authors over a five-year period.FindingsThe study provides a broad view of impact studies, which extend beyond financial implications and provides a more inclusive methodology. Particularly, the pro...
ABSTRACT This study sought to gauge college sport video-game consumers’ ability to identify Natio... more ABSTRACT This study sought to gauge college sport video-game consumers’ ability to identify National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football players, whose likenesses are featured in such games. The study also measured whether consumers perceived the use of athletes’ likenesses as sponsorship of these games, as well as whether certain demographic, usage, and other criteria may influence their positions on whether athletes should be compensated for such use, in excess of their current athletic scholarships. Findings point to the ability of consumers to identify athletes in the video games overall, and at a significantly higher percentage for nationally known football players whose likenesses are utilized in the games. Unsurprisingly, knowledge of college football as a sport, and of the video game series itself, significantly correlated with increased likelihood of identifying digital representations of real-life players. These and other findings, and their implications for NCAA policy and pending litigation related to student-athlete likenesses, are discussed.
J. Legal Aspects Sport, 2008
90 JOURNAL OF LEGAL ASPECTS OF SPORT [Vol. 18:1 With intercollegiate sports taking on competitive... more 90 JOURNAL OF LEGAL ASPECTS OF SPORT [Vol. 18:1 With intercollegiate sports taking on competitive business characteristics in recent years, success in recruiting student-athletes has become critical to coaches in all divisions of the NCAA. The official recruiting visit is one ...
Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, 2009
Abstract: The Keller v. Electronic Arts, National Collegiate Athletic Association, and Collegiate... more Abstract: The Keller v. Electronic Arts, National Collegiate Athletic Association, and Collegiate Licensing Company class action complaint filed in May in the Federal District Court in San Francisco received considerable fanfare among academic and legal practitioners, as well as controlled skepticism among intercollegiate athletic governing bodies and video game industry executives. As the factual scenario and class action prospects have been forecasted in prior scholarship, this contribution will:(1) briefly pose ...
Sport Management Education Journal, 2019
While exciting and energizing, adding sport programs is a major undertaking for any college athle... more While exciting and energizing, adding sport programs is a major undertaking for any college athletic department. A broad overview of considerations associated with National Collegiate Athletic Association sport offerings is outlined in this case using reinstatement of football as the context. The case is intended to introduce students to the costs, benefits, risks, and complexity of institutional decisions in one area of collegiate athletics. Students are assigned a role and challenged to complete an operating budget, determine the financial viability of football, consider a variety of nonfinancial factors, and make a decision about whether Gridiron University should reinstate football. Although football is the sport in this scenario, the principles identified in the case apply to other sports and vary by degree not type.
Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2008
The relationship of intercollegiate athletics and the federal Title IX statute has been the subje... more The relationship of intercollegiate athletics and the federal Title IX statute has been the subject of significant concern and academic inquiry. This article explores the legal and legislative history of Title IX and the statute's impact on intercollegiate athletic programs and practical solutions for compliance. The article is broken into three distinct parts. Part I details a brief history of Title IX congressional, judicial, and regulatory involvement/enforcement over the past 36 years. Part II examines Title IX's application in practice with regard to public institutions and athletics. In Part III, the researchers present recommendations to wrestling programs and other men's teams concerning the economic realities of intercollegiate athletics. Specifically the researchers examine the wrestling community's legal and legislative challenges and explain how colleges' economic decisions and zeal for competitive teams at the "revenue sports" level are at the core of wrestling's dilemma rather than the law itself. The researchers also suggest more constructive solutions for preserving and expanding athletic opportunities for all without cutting men's sports programs. In particular, they argue that instead of attacking Title IX and women's sports, the wrestling community should form alliances with women's teams and their advocates to reverse the reallocation of resources in the college athletics arms race. The perception that Title IX and gender equity requirements are responsible for the loss of hundreds of intercollegiate wrestling programs is widely accepted by many who are affiliated with the sport (Benson, 2007; Hughes, 1999; Ridpath, 2007a, b). On the surface, the evidence appears to support that contention, as some athletic directors and university presidents over the past two decades, in an effort Ridpath, Yiamouyiannis, and Lawrence are with
Journal of Contemporary Athletics, Dec 27, 2011
Sports Innovation Journal, 2021
Understanding individual behavioral choices and the role individual motivation plays for initial ... more Understanding individual behavioral choices and the role individual motivation plays for initial and sustained engagement in physical activity and sport is important to increasing participation rates (Bernard et al., 2005). Using Self-Determination Theory and Achievement Goal Theory framework, this research explored the role of motivation related to participation in sport and physical activity. Specifically, this study focused on the CrossFit® Games Open, a non-traditional virtual mass participation sporting event (MPSE). Prior research has established that non-elite MPSEs are effective events for beginning, but not sustaining, participation in sport and physical activity (Coleman & Sebire, 2016). A large sample (n = 4,325) of participants from the 2018 CrossFit Games Open was surveyed about tenure as a participant and the motivational extraneous factor of participation. The primary finding is that fun is a very important driver of wellness. Additionally, competency factors, as well...
Sport Management Education Journal
Faculty are increasingly expected to participate in activities that bring additional revenue and ... more Faculty are increasingly expected to participate in activities that bring additional revenue and prestige to their universities. Engaging in entrepreneurial activities can achieve this mission, as well as afford considerable benefits to the faculty member. This essay outlines the financial constraints that have moved universities to embrace entrepreneurship, discusses entrepreneurship in the context of sport management, outlines the benefits of pursuing entrepreneurship, describes considerations in a campus environment, and provides key considerations and a road map for navigating opportunities. The essay concludes with a call to action for sport management faculty and administrators to embrace an entrepreneurship model.
Sports Innovation Journal
Current accounting methods in intercollegiate athletics make it difficult for leaders to assess a... more Current accounting methods in intercollegiate athletics make it difficult for leaders to assess and understand the true cost of each sport team operations. Institutional and athletics leaders often make decisions concerning sport sponsorship/offerings, budget allocations, overall program operations, and review Title IX compliance based on information that may not truly capture the cost of each sport. Additionally, intercollegiate athletics reform groups and the federal government are calling for athletic departments to report more consistent, accurate, and transparent financial data. The purpose of this paper is to respond to the call for accounting reform in intercollegiate athletics via an innovative application of activity-based costing (ABC) to one NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) athletics department. ABC was applied to the athletic department budget report with results showing how previously established ABC cost drivers for intercollegiate athletics (Lawrence, Gabriel, & T...
Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport
In 2006, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) celebrated 100 years of providing op... more In 2006, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) celebrated 100 years of providing opportunities for students to participate in intercollegiate athletics. During that time intercollegiate athletics underwent tremendous transformation. Beginning as student-run endeavors on Ivy League campuses, it has now evolved into a multibillion-dollar industry within the United States. "Intercollegiate athletics is now so entrenched in American society that in 2004 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection held two special hearings to address their concerns about the recruitment of student-athletes" (Lawrence, Merckx, & Hebert, 2008, p. 4). The concerns addressed in the hearings centered on the negative culture of the official visit (U.S. House of Representatives, 2004a; U.S. House of Representatives, 2004b). A prospective student-athlete or recruit is an individual who has begun ninth grade and has an interest in playing college sports (NCAA, 2007, p. 28). As of the first day of their senior year in high school, prospective studentathletes are allowed to take up to five official visits to college campuses (NCAA, p. 30). NCAA Division I Bylaw 13.02.15.1 states that an "official visit to a member institution by a prospective student-athlete is a visit financed in whole or in part by the member institution" (NCAA, n.d.a.). Additionally, the Division I on-campus official visit is limited to 48 hours and is governed by over 300 bylaws that contain the words "official visit" in the NCAA Legislative Services Database (NCAA).
Journal of Intercollegiate Sport
Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2013
Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a ma... more Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. The goal of this paper is to respond to Zimbalist (2013), add to the conversation about financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics, and describe how national inequalities translate into inequalities on campus. An analysis of the structure of intercollegiate athletics that perpetuates these inequalities is presented, Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is introduced, and practical ideas to assist in creating a more financially equitable model of intercollegiate athletics are presented. Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. Conference executives are charged with putting their member institutions in the best possible position for success and the free market reigns, with some conferences substantially more valuable than others. The BCS operates in the best interest of the Power Conferences (SEC, Big Ten, Pac-12, Big 12, and ACC) and certainly considers the new Group of Five (Big East, Mountain West, Conference USA, MAC, and Sun Belt), resulting in a smaller group of conferences and institutions that are directly affected by their operations. But, in reality, all colleges that compete in the NCAA are indirectly affected by the BCS. As in any free market, many factors exist that affect the value of institutions and conferences, such as competitive success, geographic region, tax status, overall brand strength, history, and religious affiliation. Decision-making and priorities along the way are critical components of any discussion on college athletics finance, and this is where NCAA, conferences, BCS, Lawrence is with the
Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2013
Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a ma... more Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. The goal of this paper is to respond to Zimbalist (2013), add to the conversation about financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics, and describe how national inequalities translate into inequalities on campus. An analysis of the structure of intercollegiate athletics that perpetuates these inequalities is presented, Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is introduced, and practical ideas to assist in creating a more financially equitable model of intercollegiate athletics are presented. Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. Conference executives are charged with putting their member institutions in the best possible position for success and the free market reigns, with some conferences substantially more valuable than others. The BCS operates in the best interest of the Power Conferences (SEC, Big Ten, Pac-12, Big 12, and ACC) and certainly considers the new Group of Five (Big East, Mountain West, Conference USA, MAC, and Sun Belt), resulting in a smaller group of conferences and institutions that are directly affected by their operations. But, in reality, all colleges that compete in the NCAA are indirectly affected by the BCS. As in any free market, many factors exist that affect the value of institutions and conferences, such as competitive success, geographic region, tax status, overall brand strength, history, and religious affiliation. Decision-making and priorities along the way are critical components of any discussion on college athletics finance, and this is where NCAA, conferences, BCS, Lawrence is with the
Dans le cadre de la mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) les laboratoires IMS et EPHYS... more Dans le cadre de la mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) les laboratoires IMS et EPHYSE sont parties prenantes dans l'étude et la validation de l'algorithme d'inversion LMEB. cette étude, nous avons développé un modèle radiatif numérique uti de calculer l'émissivité de systèmes multicouches (terre démarche afin d'intégrer de nouveaux paramètres qui peuvent avoir un effet non négligeable sur les mesures. En effet, jusqu'à présent l'effet de la rugosité du sol associé à celui de la litière n'a pas été étudié. De plus, l'épaisseur de litière n'e variation d'épaisseur de litière réaliste. Cet article présente notre modèle numérique. Ces profils peuvent provenir de mesures (profils d'épaisseurs de rugosité du sol) ou de calculs (profils de rugosité). Dans les modèle sont des fichiers de points XYZ représentant notre profil.
Regarding business research methods, Zikmund (2002) differentiates between basic (pure) research,... more Regarding business research methods, Zikmund (2002) differentiates between basic (pure) research, which is intended to expand the boundaries of knowledge through the development of concepts and theories, and applied research, which is undertaken to ...
Abstract: When Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast in August 2005, Southeastern Louisiana Univer... more Abstract: When Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast in August 2005, Southeastern Louisiana University was spared the brunt of the storm and was fortunate that most structures on campus remained intact. However, the storm still affected the campus for weeks. This ...
New Directions for Community Colleges, 2009
Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 2020
PurposeThe criticisms put forward against economic impact studies lead to a key question: “Is it ... more PurposeThe criticisms put forward against economic impact studies lead to a key question: “Is it possible to measure the impact of sporting properties and events in a holistic, conservative, and reliable way?” This research endeavors to build on the academic literature to add to the scope and rigor of economic impact research by proposing an impact assessment process model for practitioners that facilitates employment of a holistic, conservative and reliable impact study and seeks to address these concerns.Design/methodology/approachUsing seven identified key realities that highlight the challenges facing impact studies, and adopting a collaborative self-ethnographic methodological approach, the work highlights lessons learned from four empirical economic impact studies undertaken by the authors over a five-year period.FindingsThe study provides a broad view of impact studies, which extend beyond financial implications and provides a more inclusive methodology. Particularly, the pro...
ABSTRACT This study sought to gauge college sport video-game consumers’ ability to identify Natio... more ABSTRACT This study sought to gauge college sport video-game consumers’ ability to identify National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football players, whose likenesses are featured in such games. The study also measured whether consumers perceived the use of athletes’ likenesses as sponsorship of these games, as well as whether certain demographic, usage, and other criteria may influence their positions on whether athletes should be compensated for such use, in excess of their current athletic scholarships. Findings point to the ability of consumers to identify athletes in the video games overall, and at a significantly higher percentage for nationally known football players whose likenesses are utilized in the games. Unsurprisingly, knowledge of college football as a sport, and of the video game series itself, significantly correlated with increased likelihood of identifying digital representations of real-life players. These and other findings, and their implications for NCAA policy and pending litigation related to student-athlete likenesses, are discussed.
J. Legal Aspects Sport, 2008
90 JOURNAL OF LEGAL ASPECTS OF SPORT [Vol. 18:1 With intercollegiate sports taking on competitive... more 90 JOURNAL OF LEGAL ASPECTS OF SPORT [Vol. 18:1 With intercollegiate sports taking on competitive business characteristics in recent years, success in recruiting student-athletes has become critical to coaches in all divisions of the NCAA. The official recruiting visit is one ...
Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, 2009
Abstract: The Keller v. Electronic Arts, National Collegiate Athletic Association, and Collegiate... more Abstract: The Keller v. Electronic Arts, National Collegiate Athletic Association, and Collegiate Licensing Company class action complaint filed in May in the Federal District Court in San Francisco received considerable fanfare among academic and legal practitioners, as well as controlled skepticism among intercollegiate athletic governing bodies and video game industry executives. As the factual scenario and class action prospects have been forecasted in prior scholarship, this contribution will:(1) briefly pose ...
Sport Management Education Journal, 2019
While exciting and energizing, adding sport programs is a major undertaking for any college athle... more While exciting and energizing, adding sport programs is a major undertaking for any college athletic department. A broad overview of considerations associated with National Collegiate Athletic Association sport offerings is outlined in this case using reinstatement of football as the context. The case is intended to introduce students to the costs, benefits, risks, and complexity of institutional decisions in one area of collegiate athletics. Students are assigned a role and challenged to complete an operating budget, determine the financial viability of football, consider a variety of nonfinancial factors, and make a decision about whether Gridiron University should reinstate football. Although football is the sport in this scenario, the principles identified in the case apply to other sports and vary by degree not type.
Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2008
The relationship of intercollegiate athletics and the federal Title IX statute has been the subje... more The relationship of intercollegiate athletics and the federal Title IX statute has been the subject of significant concern and academic inquiry. This article explores the legal and legislative history of Title IX and the statute's impact on intercollegiate athletic programs and practical solutions for compliance. The article is broken into three distinct parts. Part I details a brief history of Title IX congressional, judicial, and regulatory involvement/enforcement over the past 36 years. Part II examines Title IX's application in practice with regard to public institutions and athletics. In Part III, the researchers present recommendations to wrestling programs and other men's teams concerning the economic realities of intercollegiate athletics. Specifically the researchers examine the wrestling community's legal and legislative challenges and explain how colleges' economic decisions and zeal for competitive teams at the "revenue sports" level are at the core of wrestling's dilemma rather than the law itself. The researchers also suggest more constructive solutions for preserving and expanding athletic opportunities for all without cutting men's sports programs. In particular, they argue that instead of attacking Title IX and women's sports, the wrestling community should form alliances with women's teams and their advocates to reverse the reallocation of resources in the college athletics arms race. The perception that Title IX and gender equity requirements are responsible for the loss of hundreds of intercollegiate wrestling programs is widely accepted by many who are affiliated with the sport (Benson, 2007; Hughes, 1999; Ridpath, 2007a, b). On the surface, the evidence appears to support that contention, as some athletic directors and university presidents over the past two decades, in an effort Ridpath, Yiamouyiannis, and Lawrence are with
Journal of Contemporary Athletics, Dec 27, 2011
Sports Innovation Journal, 2021
Understanding individual behavioral choices and the role individual motivation plays for initial ... more Understanding individual behavioral choices and the role individual motivation plays for initial and sustained engagement in physical activity and sport is important to increasing participation rates (Bernard et al., 2005). Using Self-Determination Theory and Achievement Goal Theory framework, this research explored the role of motivation related to participation in sport and physical activity. Specifically, this study focused on the CrossFit® Games Open, a non-traditional virtual mass participation sporting event (MPSE). Prior research has established that non-elite MPSEs are effective events for beginning, but not sustaining, participation in sport and physical activity (Coleman & Sebire, 2016). A large sample (n = 4,325) of participants from the 2018 CrossFit Games Open was surveyed about tenure as a participant and the motivational extraneous factor of participation. The primary finding is that fun is a very important driver of wellness. Additionally, competency factors, as well...
Sport Management Education Journal
Faculty are increasingly expected to participate in activities that bring additional revenue and ... more Faculty are increasingly expected to participate in activities that bring additional revenue and prestige to their universities. Engaging in entrepreneurial activities can achieve this mission, as well as afford considerable benefits to the faculty member. This essay outlines the financial constraints that have moved universities to embrace entrepreneurship, discusses entrepreneurship in the context of sport management, outlines the benefits of pursuing entrepreneurship, describes considerations in a campus environment, and provides key considerations and a road map for navigating opportunities. The essay concludes with a call to action for sport management faculty and administrators to embrace an entrepreneurship model.
Sports Innovation Journal
Current accounting methods in intercollegiate athletics make it difficult for leaders to assess a... more Current accounting methods in intercollegiate athletics make it difficult for leaders to assess and understand the true cost of each sport team operations. Institutional and athletics leaders often make decisions concerning sport sponsorship/offerings, budget allocations, overall program operations, and review Title IX compliance based on information that may not truly capture the cost of each sport. Additionally, intercollegiate athletics reform groups and the federal government are calling for athletic departments to report more consistent, accurate, and transparent financial data. The purpose of this paper is to respond to the call for accounting reform in intercollegiate athletics via an innovative application of activity-based costing (ABC) to one NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) athletics department. ABC was applied to the athletic department budget report with results showing how previously established ABC cost drivers for intercollegiate athletics (Lawrence, Gabriel, & T...
Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport
In 2006, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) celebrated 100 years of providing op... more In 2006, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) celebrated 100 years of providing opportunities for students to participate in intercollegiate athletics. During that time intercollegiate athletics underwent tremendous transformation. Beginning as student-run endeavors on Ivy League campuses, it has now evolved into a multibillion-dollar industry within the United States. "Intercollegiate athletics is now so entrenched in American society that in 2004 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection held two special hearings to address their concerns about the recruitment of student-athletes" (Lawrence, Merckx, & Hebert, 2008, p. 4). The concerns addressed in the hearings centered on the negative culture of the official visit (U.S. House of Representatives, 2004a; U.S. House of Representatives, 2004b). A prospective student-athlete or recruit is an individual who has begun ninth grade and has an interest in playing college sports (NCAA, 2007, p. 28). As of the first day of their senior year in high school, prospective studentathletes are allowed to take up to five official visits to college campuses (NCAA, p. 30). NCAA Division I Bylaw 13.02.15.1 states that an "official visit to a member institution by a prospective student-athlete is a visit financed in whole or in part by the member institution" (NCAA, n.d.a.). Additionally, the Division I on-campus official visit is limited to 48 hours and is governed by over 300 bylaws that contain the words "official visit" in the NCAA Legislative Services Database (NCAA).
Journal of Intercollegiate Sport
Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2013
Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a ma... more Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. The goal of this paper is to respond to Zimbalist (2013), add to the conversation about financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics, and describe how national inequalities translate into inequalities on campus. An analysis of the structure of intercollegiate athletics that perpetuates these inequalities is presented, Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is introduced, and practical ideas to assist in creating a more financially equitable model of intercollegiate athletics are presented. Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. Conference executives are charged with putting their member institutions in the best possible position for success and the free market reigns, with some conferences substantially more valuable than others. The BCS operates in the best interest of the Power Conferences (SEC, Big Ten, Pac-12, Big 12, and ACC) and certainly considers the new Group of Five (Big East, Mountain West, Conference USA, MAC, and Sun Belt), resulting in a smaller group of conferences and institutions that are directly affected by their operations. But, in reality, all colleges that compete in the NCAA are indirectly affected by the BCS. As in any free market, many factors exist that affect the value of institutions and conferences, such as competitive success, geographic region, tax status, overall brand strength, history, and religious affiliation. Decision-making and priorities along the way are critical components of any discussion on college athletics finance, and this is where NCAA, conferences, BCS, Lawrence is with the
Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2013
Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a ma... more Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. The goal of this paper is to respond to Zimbalist (2013), add to the conversation about financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics, and describe how national inequalities translate into inequalities on campus. An analysis of the structure of intercollegiate athletics that perpetuates these inequalities is presented, Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is introduced, and practical ideas to assist in creating a more financially equitable model of intercollegiate athletics are presented. Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. Conference executives are charged with putting their member institutions in the best possible position for success and the free market reigns, with some conferences substantially more valuable than others. The BCS operates in the best interest of the Power Conferences (SEC, Big Ten, Pac-12, Big 12, and ACC) and certainly considers the new Group of Five (Big East, Mountain West, Conference USA, MAC, and Sun Belt), resulting in a smaller group of conferences and institutions that are directly affected by their operations. But, in reality, all colleges that compete in the NCAA are indirectly affected by the BCS. As in any free market, many factors exist that affect the value of institutions and conferences, such as competitive success, geographic region, tax status, overall brand strength, history, and religious affiliation. Decision-making and priorities along the way are critical components of any discussion on college athletics finance, and this is where NCAA, conferences, BCS, Lawrence is with the
Dans le cadre de la mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) les laboratoires IMS et EPHYS... more Dans le cadre de la mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) les laboratoires IMS et EPHYSE sont parties prenantes dans l'étude et la validation de l'algorithme d'inversion LMEB. cette étude, nous avons développé un modèle radiatif numérique uti de calculer l'émissivité de systèmes multicouches (terre démarche afin d'intégrer de nouveaux paramètres qui peuvent avoir un effet non négligeable sur les mesures. En effet, jusqu'à présent l'effet de la rugosité du sol associé à celui de la litière n'a pas été étudié. De plus, l'épaisseur de litière n'e variation d'épaisseur de litière réaliste. Cet article présente notre modèle numérique. Ces profils peuvent provenir de mesures (profils d'épaisseurs de rugosité du sol) ou de calculs (profils de rugosité). Dans les modèle sont des fichiers de points XYZ représentant notre profil.
Regarding business research methods, Zikmund (2002) differentiates between basic (pure) research,... more Regarding business research methods, Zikmund (2002) differentiates between basic (pure) research, which is intended to expand the boundaries of knowledge through the development of concepts and theories, and applied research, which is undertaken to ...
Abstract: When Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast in August 2005, Southeastern Louisiana Univer... more Abstract: When Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast in August 2005, Southeastern Louisiana University was spared the brunt of the storm and was fortunate that most structures on campus remained intact. However, the storm still affected the campus for weeks. This ...
New Directions for Community Colleges, 2009