Graham Pike | The Open University (original) (raw)

Papers by Graham Pike

The Psychology of Criminal Investigation, 2018

The contribution of psychological research to the prevention of miscarriages of justice and the d... more The contribution of psychological research to the prevention of miscarriages of justice and the development of effective investigative techniques is now established to a point where law enforcement agencies in numerous countries either employ psychologists as part of their staff, or work in cooperation with academic institutions. The application of psychology to investigation is particularly effective when academics and practitioners work together. This book brings together leading experts to discuss the application of psychology to criminal investigation

Current procedures for gathering evidence from witnesses can create significant anxiety to people... more Current procedures for gathering evidence from witnesses can create significant anxiety to people with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), due to difficulties with memory, language, social interaction, communication and face recognition. This can impact on the quality of evidence provided. Working with ASD witnesses could also be stressful to police officers, as they are the first to interact with witnesses that could require special assistance, and it is therefore vital for officers to be able to identify and support ASD witnesses. This empirical study aims to address these issues by investigating police officers’ perceptions, knowledge and understanding about ASD individuals as witnesses, as well how this translates into their practice, and is to develop operational procedures to improve policing practice, particularly for eyewitness identification procedures. The project seeks not only to identify areas where improvement might be needed, but also to develop and test procedures whi...

The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, 2020

Previous research has reported adverse health outcomes for emergency services personnel (ESP), ou... more Previous research has reported adverse health outcomes for emergency services personnel (ESP), outcomes that research more broadly has shown can be improved using a gamification and mobile health (mhealth) apps approach. We conducted a review of research on gamification and mhealth apps for ESP that had been published in the last 19 years using 6 major research databases. The results demonstrated that virtually no relevant research has been published, suggesting a significant gap in the evidence base of an approach that could potentially have significant benefits for the health of ESP.

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology, 2013

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive Processes. Experimental Psychology. Computer Mode... more Introduction to Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive Processes. Experimental Psychology. Computer Models of Information Processing. Cognitive Neuropsychology. Minds, Brains and Computers. Perception and Attention. The Biological Bases of Perception. Psychological Approaches to Visual Perception. Visual Illusions. Marr's Theory. Object Recognition Processes. Perception: A Summary. Attention. The Role of Attention in Perception. Automaticity. The Spotlight Model of Visual Attention. Visual Attention. Perception, Attention and Consciousness. Disorders of Perception and Attention. Introduction. Blindsight. Unilateral Spatial Neglect. Visual Agnosia. Disorders of Face Processing - Prosopagnosia and Related Conditions. Memory. The Nature and Function of Memory. Multistore Models and Working Memory. Ebbinghaus and the First Long-term Memory Experiments. The Role of Knowledge, Meaning, and Schemas in Memory. Input Processing and Encoding. Retrieval Cues and Feature Overlap. Retrieval Mechanisms in Recall and Recognition. Automatic and Controlled Memory Processes. Memory in Real Life. Disorders of Memory. The Tragic Effects of Amnesia. The Causes of Organic Amnesia. Short-term and Long-term Memory Impairments. Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia. Memory Functions Preserved in Amnesia. Other Types of Amnesia. Thinking, Problem-solving and Reasoning. Introduction. Early Research on Problem-solving. Problem-space Theory of Problem-solving. Problem-solving and Knowledge. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning. Statistical Reasoning. Everyday Reasoning. Disorders of Thinking. Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes. Introduction. The frontal Lobes. Problem-solving and Reasoning Deficits. The Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes. Language. Introduction. The Language System. Psychology and Linguistics. Recognising Spoken and Written Words. Production of Spoken Words. Sentence Comprehension. Sentence Production. Discourse Level. Disorders of Language. Introduction. Historical Perspective. The Psycholinguistic. Disruptions to Language Processing at Word Level. Disruption to Processing of Syntax. Disruption to Processing of Discourse. Theories of Cognition: From Metaphors to Computational Models. Symbol-based Systems. Connectionist Systems. Symbols and Neurons Compared.

Forensic Science International, 2021

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CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts

The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed unexpected hardship on the health, environment, economic, and so... more The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed unexpected hardship on the health, environment, economic, and social-political governance of the entire human population. Local communities have adopted new ways of communicating and connecting to support each other. This paper reports people's attitudes towards online community support initiatives (OCSIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic based on a survey conducted in the UK. Our analysis of responses from 699 participants suggests the increased use of social media sites and OCSI engagement since the pandemic, and that people had positive attitudes towards the OCSIs, but improvements were still required. We suggest four design implications to alleviate the challenges of using OCSIs.

Creativity and Critique in Online Learning, 2018

Since their inception in 2012, the most significant challenge faced in the production and present... more Since their inception in 2012, the most significant challenge faced in the production and presentation of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has been how to engage and retain learners. Although often heralded as the next step in the evolution of online education, even if MOOCs represent a revolution in terms of the number of learners signing-up, they leave a lot to be desired with respect to the number of people who actually complete a course. This chapter explores some of the issues involved in retaining learners and focuses on the design and development of one MOOC (Forensic Psychology: Witness Investigation by The Open University on the FutureLearn platform), which experimented with new ways to keep learners engaged. The course utilised a narrative approach, with a storyline running throughout, and was released in a serialised fashion. Analysis revealed a relatively high rate of retention and the use of narrative devices at the end of each week appeared to entice learners to return the following week to find out what happened next. As a result, learners were more likely to drop out midweek than between weeks. The implications this might have for learning design and the development of MOOCs are discussed.

Within the portfolio of wellbeing support available for police are those services provided by cha... more Within the portfolio of wellbeing support available for police are those services provided by charities. Little is known about the overall contribution these charities play, or the public value they deliver as a sector. This report outlines results from qualitative scoping research that aims to gain a broad understanding of the role charities play in supporting police wellbeing in England and Wales. It gives insight into the different types of charity, their origins and approach to delivering services, the current status of the sector, the policing need for services, and challenges faced. The report draws on detailed information collected from: sixteen semi-structured interviews with senior charity managers (2019) a one-day research workshop (2019) analysis of Charity Commission records (Financial Year End (FYE) 2018) police workforce statistics (Home Office, 2018) All information contained within this report is taken from these data collection activities. Interviewees have a perspe...

Those working in emergency responder (ER) roles may be at an increased risk of adverse mental hea... more Those working in emergency responder (ER) roles may be at an increased risk of adverse mental health and wellbeing outcomes. The ER group, sometimes referred to as ‘First Responders’, is a broad category that includes those in the traditional ‘blue light’ emergency services and in volunteer organisations, such as Search and Rescue and the Royal National Lifeboat Institute (RNLI). Regardless of the role type, the increased risk to mental health and wellbeing may be due to the nature of their work, which involves frequent exposure to potentially distressing situations, accident scenes, and threats to safety for themselves and others. These high stress activities may be compounded by intense workplace stressors, such as excessive workloads, staffing cuts, unpredictable work, inadequate support and increasing social accountability. Initial scoping work by Mind looked at wellbeing across ERs and reported a potential elevated risk of psychological issues compared to the general population...

A new generation of facial compositing systems, based on PCA, are currently in development. Witne... more A new generation of facial compositing systems, based on PCA, are currently in development. Witness interaction with these systems is via an array-based interface. As this means that a witness is likely to have to view many faces, one initial criticism was that the witness' memory could be contaminated. A study was conducted to determine whether exposure to a high number of arrays affected witness memory for the target face and also whether the nature of exposure, either passive or interactive, had an effect. The results suggest that interference is minimal and no more than with traditional composite systems.

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 2021

Eyewitnesses to crimes may seek the perpetrator on social media prior to participating in a forma... more Eyewitnesses to crimes may seek the perpetrator on social media prior to participating in a formal identification procedure, but the effect of this citizen enquiry on the accuracy of eyewitness identification is unclear. The current study used a between-participants design to address this question. Participants viewed a crime video, and after a 1–2-day delay were either exposed to social media including the perpetrator, exposed to social media that substituted an innocent suspect for the perpetrator, or not exposed to social media. Seven days after viewing the crime video, all participants made an identification from a video lineup. It was predicted that exposure to social media that did not contain the guilty suspect would reduce the accuracy of subsequent identifications. Analysis revealed no association between social media exposure and lineup response for target present lineups. For target absent lineups, there was a significant association between social media exposure and line...

The Journal of Forensic Practice, 2015

Purpose – The introduction of a three-quarter-view database in the PRO-fit facial-composite syste... more Purpose – The introduction of a three-quarter-view database in the PRO-fit facial-composite system has enabled an investigation into the effects of image view in face construction. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of constructing full-face and three-quarter-view composites under different encoding conditions. It also examines the potential value of three-quarter-view composites that can be generated automatically from a front-view composite. The authors also investigate whether there is an identification benefit for presenting full-face and three-quarter composites together. Design/methodology/approach – Three experiments examine the impact of encoding conditions on composite construction and presentation of composites at the evaluation stage. Findings – The work revealed that while standard full-face composites perform well when all views of the face have been encoded, care should be taken when a person has only seen one view. When a witness has seen a side view o...

Perception, 2001

A novel child-oriented procedure was used to examine the face-recognition abilities of children a... more A novel child-oriented procedure was used to examine the face-recognition abilities of children as young as 2 years. A recognition task was embedded in a picture book containing a story about two boys and a witch. The story and the task were designed to be entertaining for children of a wide age range. In eight trials, the children were asked to pick out one of the boys from amongst eight distractors as quickly as possible. Response-time data to both upright and inverted conditions were analysed. The results revealed that children aged 6 years onwards showed the classic inversion effect. By contrast, the youngest children, aged 2 to 4 years, were faster at recognising the target face in the inverted condition than in the upright condition. Several possible explanations for this ‘inverted inversion effect’ are discussed.

Frontiers in Psychology

Eyewitnesses to crimes sometimes search for a culprit on social media before viewing a police lin... more Eyewitnesses to crimes sometimes search for a culprit on social media before viewing a police lineup, but it is not known whether this affects subsequent lineup identification accuracy. The present online study was conducted to address this. Two hundred and eighty-five participants viewed a mock crime video, and after a 15–20 min delay either (i) viewed a mock social media site including the culprit, (ii) viewed a mock social media site including a lookalike, or (iii) completed a filler task. A week later, participants made an identification from a photo lineup. It was predicted that searching for a culprit on social media containing the lookalike (rather than the culprit) would reduce lineup identification accuracy. There was a significant association between social media exposure and lineup accuracy for the Target Present lineup (30% more of the participants who saw the lookalike on social media failed to positively identify the culprit than participants in the other conditions), ...

Face matching decisions in applied settings, such as policing, forensics and immigration services... more Face matching decisions in applied settings, such as policing, forensics and immigration services, are typically carried out by two types of professionals; facial reviewers and facial examiners. Studies have demonstrated large individual differences in the face matching accuracy of both facial reviewers and examiners. Whether variances in training between agencies could be in part responsible for these individual differences is not currently known. Despite the existence of high-level training guidelines produced by the practitioner community the content, duration and delivery of face matching training is not widely understood in the academic research community. The current study aimed to address this gap in the scientific literature and to better understand how different agencies train facial reviewers and facial examiners, using results collected from an international survey. At the group level facial examiners received longer durations of training, covering more topics and with gr...