Jean-Michel Guldmann | Ohio State University (original) (raw)

Papers by Jean-Michel Guldmann

서울도시연구, Sep 1, 2011

본 연구는 그 연구절차와 방법의 어려움으로 인해 도외시되어왔던 다차원 Isovist, 특히 3차원 분석을 활용해 시지각에 대한 지표설정의 객관성을 높이고, 이 분석으로부터 얻... more 본 연구는 그 연구절차와 방법의 어려움으로 인해 도외시되어왔던 다차원 Isovist, 특히 3차원 분석을 활용해 시지각에 대한 지표설정의 객관성을 높이고, 이 분석으로부터 얻어진 정보를 바탕으로 그 동안 주거용부동산에 주로 초점을 맞추었던 조망권의 가치평가 연구를 상업용부동산으로 확장시키는 데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 GIS를 이용해 다차원 도시모델을 구축한 후 2D 및 3D Isovist 분석을 실시하였으며, 3가지 헤도닉가격모형을 이용해 시지각 특성이 상업용부동산의 주요한 가치척도인 재산세에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 본 연구는 재산세와 시지각의 관계분석을 통해 조망권이 충분히 확보될 수 있는 상업용부동산의 가치가 동일한 조건이지만 조망권이 낮은 부동산에 비해 높다는 결과를 도출하였는데. 이는 높은 조망권이 주거용부동산의 가격에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있다는 기존 연구와 같은 맥락의 결과로 상업용부동산 역시 조망권이 가격결정에 중요한 요소로 작용하고 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 연구가치 및 의의를 가지고 있다. 첫 번째, 기존의 2차원 조망분석이 가지는 한계를 3차원 Isovist를 사용함으로써 객관적인 정보의 사용을 통한 보다 정확한 부동산가치의 영향력을 파악할 수 있도록 하였다. 두 번째, 미국 콜럼버스 도심에 대한 분석결과를 바탕으로 향후 서울의 도심 및 부도심 내 상업용부동산의 가치평가를 객관화하고, 이를 기반으로 전반적인 미래 도심개발 방향을 제시하였다. 세 번째, 상업용부동산의 세제산정에 있어 비시장재에 대한 고려의 필요성을 제기하였다. 네 번째, 오픈페이스 및 조망권을 충분히 고려한 상업지구 개발은 장기적으로 부동산가치를 상승시킴과 동시에 이용자에 대한 편의성을 증진시킬 수 있다는 점을 강조하였다.

Regional Studies, 1975

ABSTRACT Shefer, D., Guldmann J. M. and Shear H. (1975) Beit-Shemesh as a central place, its sphe... more ABSTRACT Shefer, D., Guldmann J. M. and Shear H. (1975) Beit-Shemesh as a central place, its sphere of influence and possible means of extending it, Reg. Studies 9, 193--202. This paper is a report of a study conducted on the development town of Beit-Shemesh. The aim of the investigation was twofold. First, to determine the function of the town as a central place, and thus to assess the degree of integration of the town with its hinterland, and second, to analyse the consequences of various development policies for the degree of integration. In the course of this study, a methodological approach was developed which can be of great value to policy-makers in constructing a rational spatial investment decision; provided, of course, that the goals to be attained are well defined and the controlling variables are sufficiently identified.

Energy Syst. Policy; (United States), 1987

ABSTRACT This paper presents a gas distribution utility pricing model that determines, through an... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a gas distribution utility pricing model that determines, through an iterative procedure, the equilibrium retail prices for the utility&#39;s residential, commercial, and industrial customers under alternative assumptions of city-gate gas price increases and alternative cost-of-service allocation policies. This model is applied with data pertaining to ten actual US utilities, and the results support the fear of significant market disruption due to industrial gas customers switching to alternate fuels because of excessively high gas retail prices. However, the results also support the contention that a policy of reallocating part of the fixed industrial costs to the other customer classes might reduce the occurrence of catastrophic load losses, and thus benefit all customer groups. However, the extent of this benefit varies from one utility to another, dependent upon its market and cost structure. 11 references, 1 figure, 9 tables.

Social Science Research Network, 2008

This paper investigates intra-urban population and employment shifts over 1980-2000, using the Ci... more This paper investigates intra-urban population and employment shifts over 1980-2000, using the Cincinnati Metropolitan Area as a case study. Population and employment are disaggregated by ethnicity (White, Black, Others) and industry (eleven sectors) to better capture different location behaviors. Inter-industry relationships are considered when constructing variables. Additional diversity and locational and socio-economic variables are also included into a simultaneous equation model. The results reveal strong interactions between ethnic groups, confirm the existence of agglomeration effects, and suggest that diversity has positive effects on both firms and households in both periods. For firms, better access to their potential customers and employees is more important than better access to the input/output sectors. Further, the results reveal changing dynamics, from 1980-1990 to 1990-2000, for different population and activity groups, and suggest that, overall, firm location behaviors are more stable than household behaviors.

Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Dec 1, 2006

Introduction Land-use planning and water-quality management in agricultural areas have traditiona... more Introduction Land-use planning and water-quality management in agricultural areas have traditionally been considered as separate decisionmaking processes. However, increasing concerns about nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution have challenged this. NPS pollutants enter waterways through stormwater runoff, which entrains these pollutants, resulting in land-use practices that directly influence water quality. To mitigate this problem, it is necessary first to identify pollution source areas, pollution pathways, and physical characteristics of the watershed, and then to develop land-use plans that account for the cumulative impacts of land-use patterns. In this paper we present a modeling methodology that quantifies the spatial interactions between land uses and watershed hydrologyömore precisely, the relationship between peak runoff rate at the watershed outlet, and land-use composition and spatial distribution within the watershed. This relation is estimated through regression analysis, with the use of pseudodata on peak runoff generated by a simulation model, under a large number of exogenously delineated land-use patterns. This land^water relationship is next embedded into a land-use-allocation optimization model, in order to find the land-use pattern that minimizes the peak discharge at the watershed outlet. The watershed is subdivided into subwatersheds, organized in a hierarchical fashion, and land uses are allocated at the subwatershed level. The proposed methodology is applied to the Old Woman Creek (OWC) watershed, located in the southwestern basin of Lake Erie (Ohio). 2 Literature review Several simulation and empirical models have been proposed to quantify the landŵ ater relationship. These models predict water quality and/or quantity under various land-use conditions, through the implementation of physical equations that describe

Shading is an effective heat-mitigation strategy, with tree and building shades naturally cooling... more Shading is an effective heat-mitigation strategy, with tree and building shades naturally cooling down heated surfaces, especially in a hot-arid climate. However, increasing shades through tree planting and building arrangement often implies opportunity costs, such as water/maintenance costs for trees and loss of solar access for buildings. It is thus important to better quantify the cooling effectiveness of shade to make strategic decisions. Urban landscape involving trees and buildings creates shades of varying size and location at different times. This study examines the extent to which shade reduces land surface temperature (LST) by considering its areal coverage, overall duration, and time of day in a hotarid residential environment. Based on a fine-resolution 3D surface model (1m/pixel), land cover classification (1m/pixel), and high-resolution thermal imagery (6m/pixel) for Tempe, Arizona, USA, hourly shade calculations are conducted from 7:30 to 13:30 on July 12, 2011. The relationships among the observed LST at 13:30, land cover types, and shade characteristics are analyzed using linear and spatial regression. The results show that the cooling effect of shade is cumulative, rather than instantaneous, as surface cooling by earlier shade persists to some degree to later times. An area of 6×6m can generate a LST reduction of 2.3℃ at 13:30 if that area shifted from zero to 100% shade in the early morning. The same shift in shade for the whole morning and the entire period (7:30-13:30) would lower LST by 8.3℃ and 11.3℃, respectively. The importance of temporal shade planning for urban heat mitigation is discussed.

Mimarlık Fakültesi dergisi, Jun 1, 2016

This paper aims to reveal the economic structure of urban energy distribution networks in terms o... more This paper aims to reveal the economic structure of urban energy distribution networks in terms of capital cost models and economies of scale and density analysis. Infrastructure economies are crucial, but usually underestimated in urban planning. The integration of the socioeconomic , urban and geographic factors to cost models would not only contribute to the literature, where site-specific variables have often been neglected so far, but also provide guidance for planners and decision makers, who could then better forecast the infrastructure costs of alternative patterns of urban development, and therefore select more economically efficient energy infrastructure networks. LITERATURE REVIEW Studies on the cost structure of electricity and natural gas systems date back to the 1970s. Early research on cost modeling focused on the whole industry; combining the generation, transmission, and distribution components. Research on the monopolistic structure of the industry and scale economies, then, shifted to each component separately. Market characteristics, such as numbers of customers and sales, were considered in all these studies. However, socioeconomic , urban, geographic and environmental factors were often neglected in cost function estimations. Literature on the Cost Structure of Electricity Systems Electricity studies include different combinations of the three components: generation, transmission and distribution. Henderson (1985), Roberts (1986), Kaserman and Mayo (1991), Gilsdorf (1995), Thompson (1997), and Kwoka (1996, 2002) examine the whole industry, including all three components, and point to the benefits of vertical integration and inseparability of the system. Gilsdorf (1995), in contrast, fails to observe subadditivity conditions for vertically-integrated electricity utilities, and refutes the hypothesis of a natural multiproduct monopoly. More recently, Fraquelli et al. (2005) identify some complementaries among different components, but only slight vertical economies for average-sized firms. The use of site specific variables is limited in these studies. Primeaux (1975), Weiss (1975), Meyer (1975), and Roberts (1986) do not take any urban, geographic or socioeconomic variables into account, but only the inputs and outputs of the industry. Huettner and Landon (1978), Kaserman and Mayo (1991) and Kwoka (1996) use regional dummies; while Nelson and Primeaux (1988) and Thompson (1997) use service territory area, and Gilsdorf (1995), Kwoka (2002) and Fraquelli et al. (2005) consider density variable in addition to market characteristics. Some studies examine only electricity distribution costs, excluding generation and transmission components. In fact, distribution is the phase most-related to urban-level decision-making, thus, local urban, geographic and socioeconomic variables are expected to play important roles in the economic structure of investments. Henderson (1985), Nelson and Primeaux (1988), Nemoto et al. (1993), and Salvanes and Tjotta (1998) analyze the monopolistic structure of the industry, and all studies, except for Nemoto et al. (1993), find evidence of natural monopoly. Meyer (1975), Neuberg (1977), and Clagett (1994) compare the costs and efficiencies of municipal, cooperative and private utilities, while the first two authors favoring municipal firms and the last one cooperative utilities.

The effects of gas marginal-cost pricing on the demand for natural gas and on changes in the capi... more The effects of gas marginal-cost pricing on the demand for natural gas and on changes in the capital and operating costs of gas distribution utilities are important issues in the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (see PURPA: Section 306-Gas Utility Rate Design ...

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Feb 26, 2021

As urban green spaces have significant cooling effects on the urban heat island (UHI), a precise ... more As urban green spaces have significant cooling effects on the urban heat island (UHI), a precise understanding of these effects is necessary to devise precise greenspace strategies for abating the UHI. This paper explores the impacts of different greenspace (trees, grass, and water) patterns on the UHI in Beijing’s Olympic Area, using different grid cell sizes and spatial statistical models. Greenspace pattern metrics include percent cover, mean patch size (MPS), mean patch shape index (MSI), edge density (ED), and largest percent index (LPI). The results show that different greenspace metrics have varying effects on surface temperature. The spatial error model (SEM) turns out to be a good choice for estimating the relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the greenspace metrics. The regression coefficients of these metrics vary with grid cell size. Tree and grass edge densities have opposite effects, which suggest that trees should be planted in smaller clusters, whereas grass should be planted in larger and continuous patches in order to reach maximum LST cooling. The optimal grid cell size is in the [120–240 m] range. These findings can help urban planners mitigate the UHI in a city with limited green space availability.

Operations Research, Dec 1, 1986

Landscape and Urban Planning, Aug 1, 2020

This study examines whether the level of community accessibility to green spaces varies as a func... more This study examines whether the level of community accessibility to green spaces varies as a function of socioeconomic factors, focusing on three underexplored aspects affecting green inequity assessment: implications of alternative green measures, spatial non-stationarity of socioeconomic impacts, and regional/local context. Using six green measures involving general greenness, tree canopy, developed open space, agricultural lands, parks, green trails, golf courses and sports fields, Geographically Weighted Regression models are developed, and coefficient surfaces are created and compared over two metropolitan areas, Columbus and Atlanta. Second-order effects among individual factors are tested to explore synergistic linkages among them. The results show that the identified patterns of green access inequity vary significantly with the selected green measure. In both metropolitan areas, access to parks, green trails, golf and sports fields turns out to be spatially independent from general greenness and tree canopies. GWR coefficient surfaces show that the socioeconomic-green relationships are spatially heterogeneous and context-dependent, affected by a complex web of forces, including urban heritage, racial and lifestyle diversity, and natural landscape. While natural landscape and income have greater effects in Columbus, racial disparity is dominant in Atlanta. Income-driven disparities are most visible in inner suburban areas and tend to abate in the urban core and exurbs. Urban greening programs need to diversify in terms of green type and location to address localized deficits over a wide urban spectrum.

Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Dec 1, 2014

Local-climate changes due to urbanization are epitomized by the urban heat island (UHI), which is... more Local-climate changes due to urbanization are epitomized by the urban heat island (UHI), which is characterized by temperature differences between urban and rural areas. The U H I is a critical factor for energy consumption and air quality, resulting in higher peak electricity demand in summer because o f air conditioning, increased emissions of primary pollutants associated with power production, and increased generation o f ozone. However, planners need a better understanding o f the relationship between the UHI and land-use patterns in order to reduce the U H I and promote more sustainable urban development. This research develops statistical models o f local surface temperatures, using Landsat-5 satellite remote-sensing data, whereby the temperature at any location and for any land use is modeled as a function o f the pattern o f land uses around this location. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and area land-use variables are used as inputs to these models, which are estimated with data for the Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area. The results confirm the effects of neighboring land uses on local temperatures. The applicability o f these models for land-use planning is illustrated by simulating hypothetical land-use changes, and computing the resulting temperature effects. The results demonstrate that it is possible to reduce temperatures in residential and urban areas through judicious siting o f green areas.

Management Science, Aug 1, 1983

This paper explores the trade-offs among purchases, storage, and service reliability decisions fa... more This paper explores the trade-offs among purchases, storage, and service reliability decisions faced by natural gas distribution utilities. The short-term demand for natural gas fluctuates because of the weather. To encourage load leveling, the pipeline transmission companies that supply the utilities use a demand contract that charges utilities based on their peak day needs and often charge for a minimum daily purchase requirement whether that purchase is made or not. The policy variables available to the utility include increasing its storage capacity and providing interruptible service to some customers thereby lowering reliability of service. There are also technological constraints on the maximum storage gas flows. To explore these trade-offs, a chance-constrained cost minimization problem is formulated. Two decision rules for gas purchases and storage operation are examined. In these rules, an initial decision is made at the beginning of each month about either the level of purchases or the level of storage flow for that month. The two rules differ in that the supplier is assumed either to be able to adjust sales during the month up to the limit set by the demand contract or to be inflexible. In the latter case, storage must provide flexibility for meeting demand. Solutions have been obtained under the conditions that apply to the East Ohio Gas Company. A large number of cases have been considered for several levels of increased storage capacity, decreased reliability of service, and conversion capability from gas to oil for commercial and industrial customers. The results show the breakeven points in storage costs under which various policies become feasible and the savings that can be achieved.

Journal of Environmental Management, Jun 1, 2012

Two hundred years of coal mining in Ohio have degraded land and water resources, imposing social ... more Two hundred years of coal mining in Ohio have degraded land and water resources, imposing social costs on its citizens. An interdisciplinary approach employing hydrology, geographic information systems, and a recreation visitation function model, is used to estimate the damages from upstream coal mining to lakes in Ohio. The estimated recreational damages to five of the coal-mining-impacted lakes, using dissolved sulfate as coal-mining-impact indicator, amount to 21Millionperyear.Post−reclamationrecreationalbenefitsfromreducingsulfateconcentrationsby6.521 Million per year. Post-reclamation recreational benefits from reducing sulfate concentrations by 6.5% and 15% in the five impacted lakes were estimated to range from 21Millionperyear.Post−reclamationrecreationalbenefitsfromreducingsulfateconcentrationsby6.51.89 to 4.92Millionperyear,withanetpresentvaluerangingfrom4.92 Million per year, with a net present value ranging from 4.92Millionperyear,withanetpresentvaluerangingfrom14.56 Million to $37.79 Million. A benefit costs analysis (BCA) of recreational benefits and coal mine reclamation costs provides some evidence for potential Pareto improvement by investing limited resources in reclamation projects.

Ecological Indicators, Feb 1, 2020

Characterizing landscape patterns is an important analytical step towards understanding the effec... more Characterizing landscape patterns is an important analytical step towards understanding the effects of physical layouts on ecological and social processes. While a continuous representation of landscape structure has great potential as a realistic alternative to traditional patch-based models, its empirical merits have been limited by the lack of measures for quantifying patterns from such continuous surface. This paper examines the utility of Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) indices as spatial metrics applied to the landscape level for measuring underlying spatial properties. Eight GLCM indices (contrast, dissimilarity, homogeneity, energy, entropy, mean, variance, correlation) are compared to most commonly used 18 landscape metrics (LMs) featuring landscape composition, aggregation, dominance, dispersion, and shape complexity, with an application to urban tree canopy landscape. Two different types of map, sub-pixel tree canopy cover percentage map versus binary tree-pixel map, are used to compute GLCM indices and class-level LMs with a moving window approach across 4556 focal points. The data, extracted from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and the National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP), characterize the city of Columbus and Franklin County, Ohio. Correlation and regression analyses demonstrate that there is a strong and robust analogy between textural traits implied by GLCM indices and patch-based characteristics measured by LMs. Four LM components generated by principal component analysis contribute differently to individual GLCM indices, enabling more nuanced interpretation of GLCM indices in terms of LMs. The identified meanings consist of a unique mix of patch abundance, aggregation, dispersion, large patch dominance, patch size variability, and landscape homogeneity. The prediction of landscape patterns by GLCM indices increases in accuracy with landscape size, to a scale comparable to census tracts, while staying robust to the variation in GLCM bin width. GLCM indices can serve as reliable indicators of spatial configuration, and therefore provide an effective tool for researchers to better utilize continuous landscape models.

Social Science Research Network, 2022

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Dec 1, 2003

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to develop an optimal land-use pattern to reduce nonpoint sourc... more ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to develop an optimal land-use pattern to reduce nonpoint source pollution at the watershed outlets. This study takes an innovative approach to evaluate the land-use patterns with regards to nonpoint source pollution by coupling a hydrological model and a land-use model. With an assumption that the degree of nonpoint source pollution is positively correlated with the volume of surface runoff, the goal is to find the land-use pattern with a minimal runoff volume. A hydrological simulation model is developed with a modified SCS curve number method. Using a spatially explicit SCS curve number, the geographical impacts of land uses are analyzed. Then an optimization technique is integrated to evaluate different land-use patterns and their response to the rainfall runoff events, and to search for the optimal land-use pattern. By integrating these two methods, we are able to uncover the optimal land-use patterns, which would reduce the peak runoff rate by 15-20 % with 1-, 2-. 5-, and 10-year storm. The model results provide site-specific land-use guidelines and identify critical areas for conservation. The proposed model is applied to the southwestern basin of Lake Erie, Old Woman Creek Watershed (OH).

Energy, Oct 1, 1980

A long-term simulation model is developed to evaluate the impacts of different market expansion p... more A long-term simulation model is developed to evaluate the impacts of different market expansion policies for a natural gas distribution utility serving a multi-county region. The model is based on economic, engineering, accounting, and regulatory relationships. and is designed to replicate the operations and decision-making processes of the real world system composed of the utility, its suppliers. its customers. and its regulators. Each market expansion policy is evaluated in the light of financial, adequacy of service, and economic efficiency criteria. The usefulness of the model is illustrated for the East Ohio Gas Company. 2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE MODELING APPROACH A general flow diagram of the simulation model is presented in Fig. I. The model consists of a repetition of annual calculation cycles over the planning horizon made of T years (t = I+ T).