Kirby Gilliland | University of Oklahoma (original) (raw)
Papers by Kirby Gilliland
Advances in alcohol and substance abuse, Jan 31, 1984
Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly a... more Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly accepted drug. In some individuals, chronic excessive caffeine consumption leads to the development of caffeinism, a syndrome which includes increased anxiety, depression, frequency of psychophysiological disorders, and possibly degraded performance. This paper reviews the research demonstrating the abuse potential of caffeine. Special attention has been given to
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Public Affairs (PA) and is relea&sable to the Nkti... more This report has been reviewed by the Office of Public Affairs (PA) and is relea&sable to the Nktitnal Technical Informnation Service (NTIS). At NTIS, it will be available to the general puhcic, including foreign nations. Ths technical report has been reviewed szd is approved for publication.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Public Affairs (PA) and is releasable to the Natio... more This report has been reviewed by the Office of Public Affairs (PA) and is releasable to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). At NTIS, it will be available to the general public, including foreign nations. The voluntary informed consent of the subjects used in this research was obtained as required by Air Force Regulation 169-3. This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication.
Emotion, 2002
Subjective state constructs are defined within the traditional domains of affect, motivation, and... more Subjective state constructs are defined within the traditional domains of affect, motivation, and cognition. Currently, there is no overarching state model that interrelates constructs within the different domains. This article reports 3 studies that provide converging evidence for 3 fundamental state dimensions labeled task engagement, distress, and worry that integrate constructs across the traditional domains. Study 1 differentiated the state dimensions by factor analysis of the scales of the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (G. Matthews et al., 1999). Study 2 showed differential state response to performance of tasks making different cognitive demands. Study 3 showed that states are correlated with differing patterns of appraisal and coping. The 3 stress state dimensions provide a general descriptive framework consistent with transactional accounts of stress and performance.
PubMed, 1983
Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly a... more Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly accepted drug. In some individuals, chronic excessive caffeine consumption leads to the development of caffeinism, a syndrome which includes increased anxiety, depression, frequency of psychophysiological disorders, and possibly degraded performance. This paper reviews research demonstrating the abuse potential of caffeine. Special attention has been given those factors which mediate the wide individual differences in consumption patterns, susceptibility to abuse, and the varied psychological and physiological responses to this drug. While the development of caffeine abuse is probably best viewed as an idiosyncratic process, general guidelines for the recognition of potential abuse, and caffeinism proper, are offered.
Clinical Neuropsychologist, Aug 23, 2017
As the use of computer-based neurocognitive assessment is rapidly expanding, the need to systemat... more As the use of computer-based neurocognitive assessment is rapidly expanding, the need to systematically study and document key psychometric properties of these measures has become increasingly more salient. To meet this aim, this study examined test-retest reliability and practice effects for the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics General Neuropsychological Screening battery (ANAM GNS) in a sample of 94 community dwelling adults. ANAM GNS was administered and then repeated (alternate form) after 30 days. Test-retest reliability, practice effects, and the standard error of measurement were calculated. Using these estimates, reliable change indices were calculated to determine degree of performance change needed to exceed chance and measurement error (with 90% confidence interval). The test-retest reliability for the ANAM composite score was .91. Performance significantly improved upon retest, but the effect size was small consistent with minimal practice effects. The threshold indicating change beyond chance or measurement error with 90% certainty was .9 (z-score). Findings suggest that the ANAM GNS has excellent test-retest reliability upon retest at 30 days. Small practice effects can be expected. Change greater than .9 standard deviations in the ANAM composite score is likely to represent meaningful clinical change. This paper presents initial psychometric data from the ANAM GNS and supports its use as a reliable measure of cognition.
Military Medicine, Sep 1, 2008
The current study examined the performance of active duty soldiers on the Automated Neuropsycholo... more The current study examined the performance of active duty soldiers on the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) traumatic brain injury test battery, to expand the reference data for use in military settings. The effects of age and gender on cognitive performance also were explored. The ANAM traumatic brain injury battery, consisting of six performance tests and two subjective scales, was administered to a sample of healthy active duty soldiers (N ϭ 5,247) as part of a concussion surveillance program. Performance means and SDs, stratified according to age and gender, are reported as reference data. In addition, the impact of age and gender on performance measures was analyzed. Because ANAM is rapidly being adopted for use in many military medical and research applications, the establishment of these reference values is invaluable, particularly for assisting with rapid accurate evaluation and treatment in clinical settings.
Personality and Individual Differences, Mar 1, 1999
Hans J. Eysenck and Jerey A. Gray have proposed in¯uential theories of the biological bases of pe... more Hans J. Eysenck and Jerey A. Gray have proposed in¯uential theories of the biological bases of personality traits. Eysenck's theory concerns the extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism traits, whereas Gray proposes the use of new, rotated axes of impulsivity and anxiety. Eysenck uses multiple arousal systems as the central explanatory constructs, whereas Gray describes more speci®c systems related to behavioural inhibition and activation. This article reviews the evidence relating to these theories provided by studies of c.n.s. and a.n.s. psychophysiology, subjective aect, conditioning and attention and performance. It discusses key predictive successes and failures and methodological problems which may impede theory-testing. It is concluded that there is a solid core of predictive support for the Eysenck theory in some paradigms, such as the moderator eect of stimulation level on individual dierences in phasic electrodermal response and eyelid conditioning. In other settings, the theory fails to explain empirical data adequately, especially in studies of subjective response and attention and performance. Gray's theory has advanced research through stimulating interest in moderation of personality eects by motivational variables. It also provides a better explanation than Eysenck's theory for certain data, such as instrumental conditioning to reward stimuli and the positive aectivity of extraverts. Overall, however, Gray's theory explains a narrower range of ®ndings than Eysenck's. There is little evidence that Gray's revised personality axes are generally more predictive of psychophysiological and performance criteria than Eysenck's original dimensions. Finally, it is suggested that the assumptions of the biological approach to personality are in need of reassessment. It is possible that the biological theories may be improved through developments in methodology or through discriminating multiple systems underpinning traits. For example, extraversion may have distinct``reticulo±cortical'' and``dopaminergic'' aspects. Alternatively, the biological approach may not in fact be adequate for explaining behavioural Personality and Individual Differences 26 (1999) 583±626
PsycEXTRA Dataset, 1997
This is a report of a Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) project completed at the University of O... more This is a report of a Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) project completed at the University of Oklahoma under Task Order DTFA-02-94-T-80067 ofcontract DTFA-02-93-D-93088 for the FederalAviationAdministration. Funding for the effort was provided by the CAMI Human Factors Research Laboratory (CAMI/.AAM-500). The authors gratefully acknowledge several individuals for their contributions to the project. Luz-Eugenia Cox-Fuenzalida, Ioannis Vasmatzidis, Rhonda Swickert, and Randa L. Shehab served to coordinate the numerous facets of the study. Their contributions to the recruitment and retention of subjects, and to the collection, reduction, and analysis of data were invaluable. Scott Mills provided valuable hardware and software support and Arasendntn Sellakannu and Tamy L. Fry
Optometry and Vision Science, Dec 1, 1975
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2008
The reliability and construct validity of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (AN... more The reliability and construct validity of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) mood scale (AMS) were examined using concurrent, well-validated measures of mood and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a sample of 210 volunteer college students. The AMS was given in computerized format with multiple adjectives using a visual analog Likert scale yielding seven dimensions of mood including vigor, restlessness, depression, anger, fatigue, anxiety, and happiness. All seven mood dimensions of the AMS demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Also, the AMS anxiety dimension correlated strongly with the Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory (r = 0.67) and the AMS depression dimension correlated strongly with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (r = 0.71). CFA revealed that the AMS 7-factor mood model fit the data well and significantly better than an alternative, theoretically plausible model. When concurrent measures of mood were incorporated in the CFA model, the AMS demonstrated both convergent and discriminant validity. The AMS 7-factor model explained 55.12% of the total variance in the items. It was concluded that the AMS provides a brief yet reasonably complete and valid assessment of mood.
Human Factors, Dec 1, 1994
A series of three studies was conducted to explore the use of tactile stimulation or light tappin... more A series of three studies was conducted to explore the use of tactile stimulation or light tapping of the human head to inform a pilot of possible threats or other situations in the flight environment. Study 1 confirmed that subjects could achieve 100% detection of the tactile stimuli. Localization performance, measured in Study 2, depended on the number of different stimulus sites and ranged from 93% accuracy for 6 sites to 47% accuracy for 12 sites across the parietal meridian of the head. In Study 3 we investigated the effect of performing the localization task simultaneously with a dual memoryltracking task or an air combat simulation task. These studies demonstrated that tactile information display could be an integral contributor to improved situation awareness, but not without cost to other task performance. The results of Study 3 were also examined with reference to popular models of attention and workload.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1980
The personality dimension of introversion/extraversion is one of the few personality dimensions t... more The personality dimension of introversion/extraversion is one of the few personality dimensions that can be reliably identified from study to study and investĝ ator to investigator. The importance of this dimension within personality theory is due both to the stability of the trait and the influential theory of H. J. Eysenck. The basic assumption in Eysenck's theory of introversion/extraversion is that the personality differences between introverts and extraverts reflect some basic difference in the resting level of cortical arousal or activation. Assuming that there is a curvilinear relationship (an inverted U) between levels of stress and performance leads to a test of this arousal theory. That is, moderate increases in stress should hinder the performance of introverts who are presumably already highly aroused. However, the same moderate increase in stress might help the performance of the presumably underaroused extraverts. Revelle, Amaral, and Turriff .reported that the administration of moderate doses of caffeine hindered the performance of introverts and helped the performance of extraverts on a cognitive task-similar to the verbal test of the Graduate Record Examination. Assuming that caffeine increases arousal, this interaction between introversion/extraversion and drug condition supports Eysenck's theory. This interaction was explored in a series of experiments designed to replicate, extend, and test the generality of the original finding. The interaction between personality and drug condition was replicated and extended to additional cognitive performance tasks. However, these interactions were affected by time of day and stage of practice, and the subscales of introversion/extraversion, impulsivity, and sociability, were differentially affected. In the morning of the first day, low impulsives were hindered and high impulsives helped by caffeine. This pattern reversed in the evening of the first day, and it reversed again in the evening of Day 2. We concluded that the results from the first day of testing require a revision of Eysenck's theory. Instead of a stable difference in arousal between low and high impulsives, it appeared that these groups differed in the phase of their diurnal arousal rhythms. The result is that low impulsives are more aroused in the morning and less aroused in the evening than are the high impulsives. A variety of peripheral or strategic explanations (differences in caffeine consumption, guessing strategies, distraction, etc.) for the observed performance increments and decrements were proposed and tentatively rejected. It seems probable that some fundamental change in the efficiency with which information is processed is responsible for these performance changes.
PsycEXTRA Dataset, 2004
As software products, computer-based performance assessment tasks and batteries cannot escape one... more As software products, computer-based performance assessment tasks and batteries cannot escape one of the cornerstones of software engineering-the software life cycle. This paper presents a discussion of the elements of the software life cycle that are unique to performance assessment batteries and focuses on a specific element of product development, quality assurance assessment. A discussion of the key ingredients for converting a computer-based assessment task into a commercially viable product is also included.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, Oct 1, 1974
Journal of Athletic Training, Jul 1, 2013
Context: Large-scale baseline cognitive assessment for individuals at risk for concussion is a co... more Context: Large-scale baseline cognitive assessment for individuals at risk for concussion is a common part of the protocol for concussion-surveillance programs, particularly in sports. Baseline cognitive testing is also being conducted in US military service members before deployment. Recently, the incremental validity of large-scale baseline cognitive assessment has been questioned. Objective: To examine the added value of baseline cognitive testing in computer-based neuropsychological assessment by comparing 2 methods of classifying atypical performance in a presumed healthy sample. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Military base. Patients or Other Participants: Military service members who took the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matrix (ANAM) before and after deployment (n ¼ 8002). Main Outcome Measure(s): Rates of atypical performance in this healthy, active-duty sample were determined first by comparing postdeployment scores with a military normative database and then with each individual's personal baseline performance using a reliable change index. Results: Overall rates of atypical performance were comparable across these 2 methods. However, these methods were highly discordant in terms of which individuals were classified as atypical. When norm-referenced methods were used, 2.6% of individuals classified as normal actually demonstrated declines from baseline. Further, 65.7% of individuals classified as atypical using norm-referenced scores showed no change from baseline (ie, potential false-positive findings). Conclusions: Knowing an individual's baseline performance is important for minimizing potential false-positive errors and reducing the risks and stresses of misdiagnosis.
Journal of Research in Personality, Dec 1, 1980
ABSTRACT In a test of the arousal hypothesis of introversion-extraversion, subjects were pre- and... more ABSTRACT In a test of the arousal hypothesis of introversion-extraversion, subjects were pre- and post-tested on practice Graduate Record Examination verbal performance items while administered caffeine at either 0, 2, or 4 mg/kg of body weight. Introverts increased dramatically in performance between the 0 and 2 mg/kg conditions and then decreased even more dramatically between the 2 and 4 mg/kg conditions. Extraverts showed decrements in performance at the 0 mg/kg level, improved slightly at the 2 mg/kg level, and showed marked improvement at the 4 mg/kg level. Further analyses revealed that introverts increased in both speed and accuracy at low levels of stimulation but then decreased in both at higher levels of stimulation. Extraverts showed continued increases in speed and accuracy across the increasing arousal levels.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1980
Three issues raised by M. W. Eysenck and Folkard are discussed. These include (a) just what indiv... more Three issues raised by M. W. Eysenck and Folkard are discussed. These include (a) just what individual difference variable is mediating the time of day and caffeine effects; (b) what the difference is in the diurnal rhythms of low and high impulsives; and (c) whether it is necessary to postulate multiple activation states. Suggestions for future research are then given.
Journal of Research in Personality, Sep 1, 1998
It has been suggested that the trait of extraversion is associated with physiological arousal (Ey... more It has been suggested that the trait of extraversion is associated with physiological arousal (Eysenck, 1967). Both psychophysiological and behavioral studies have generally supported this statement (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985). However, recent research has suggested that the trait of impulsivity is the trait most closely linked to the physiological arousal mechanisms believed to underlie extraversion (Revelle, Humphreys, Simon, & Gilliland, 1980). This study utilized brainstem auditory evoked responses (ABRs) to investigate which trait (extraversion, impulsivity, sociability) is most closely related to hypothesized ascending reticular activating system-regulated arousal processes. The results indicated that the full scale of extraversion was related to ABR wave V activity, r ϭ .27, p Ͻ .025, with extraverts exhibiting slower ABR latencies compared to introverts. Analyses of the subscales indicated that sociability (r ϭ .27, p Ͻ .025), rather than impulsivity (r ϭ .05, p Ͻ .70), contributed more to this effect.
Advances in alcohol and substance abuse, Jan 31, 1984
Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly a... more Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly accepted drug. In some individuals, chronic excessive caffeine consumption leads to the development of caffeinism, a syndrome which includes increased anxiety, depression, frequency of psychophysiological disorders, and possibly degraded performance. This paper reviews the research demonstrating the abuse potential of caffeine. Special attention has been given to
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Public Affairs (PA) and is relea&sable to the Nkti... more This report has been reviewed by the Office of Public Affairs (PA) and is relea&sable to the Nktitnal Technical Informnation Service (NTIS). At NTIS, it will be available to the general puhcic, including foreign nations. Ths technical report has been reviewed szd is approved for publication.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Public Affairs (PA) and is releasable to the Natio... more This report has been reviewed by the Office of Public Affairs (PA) and is releasable to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). At NTIS, it will be available to the general public, including foreign nations. The voluntary informed consent of the subjects used in this research was obtained as required by Air Force Regulation 169-3. This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication.
Emotion, 2002
Subjective state constructs are defined within the traditional domains of affect, motivation, and... more Subjective state constructs are defined within the traditional domains of affect, motivation, and cognition. Currently, there is no overarching state model that interrelates constructs within the different domains. This article reports 3 studies that provide converging evidence for 3 fundamental state dimensions labeled task engagement, distress, and worry that integrate constructs across the traditional domains. Study 1 differentiated the state dimensions by factor analysis of the scales of the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (G. Matthews et al., 1999). Study 2 showed differential state response to performance of tasks making different cognitive demands. Study 3 showed that states are correlated with differing patterns of appraisal and coping. The 3 stress state dimensions provide a general descriptive framework consistent with transactional accounts of stress and performance.
PubMed, 1983
Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly a... more Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly accepted drug. In some individuals, chronic excessive caffeine consumption leads to the development of caffeinism, a syndrome which includes increased anxiety, depression, frequency of psychophysiological disorders, and possibly degraded performance. This paper reviews research demonstrating the abuse potential of caffeine. Special attention has been given those factors which mediate the wide individual differences in consumption patterns, susceptibility to abuse, and the varied psychological and physiological responses to this drug. While the development of caffeine abuse is probably best viewed as an idiosyncratic process, general guidelines for the recognition of potential abuse, and caffeinism proper, are offered.
Clinical Neuropsychologist, Aug 23, 2017
As the use of computer-based neurocognitive assessment is rapidly expanding, the need to systemat... more As the use of computer-based neurocognitive assessment is rapidly expanding, the need to systematically study and document key psychometric properties of these measures has become increasingly more salient. To meet this aim, this study examined test-retest reliability and practice effects for the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics General Neuropsychological Screening battery (ANAM GNS) in a sample of 94 community dwelling adults. ANAM GNS was administered and then repeated (alternate form) after 30 days. Test-retest reliability, practice effects, and the standard error of measurement were calculated. Using these estimates, reliable change indices were calculated to determine degree of performance change needed to exceed chance and measurement error (with 90% confidence interval). The test-retest reliability for the ANAM composite score was .91. Performance significantly improved upon retest, but the effect size was small consistent with minimal practice effects. The threshold indicating change beyond chance or measurement error with 90% certainty was .9 (z-score). Findings suggest that the ANAM GNS has excellent test-retest reliability upon retest at 30 days. Small practice effects can be expected. Change greater than .9 standard deviations in the ANAM composite score is likely to represent meaningful clinical change. This paper presents initial psychometric data from the ANAM GNS and supports its use as a reliable measure of cognition.
Military Medicine, Sep 1, 2008
The current study examined the performance of active duty soldiers on the Automated Neuropsycholo... more The current study examined the performance of active duty soldiers on the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) traumatic brain injury test battery, to expand the reference data for use in military settings. The effects of age and gender on cognitive performance also were explored. The ANAM traumatic brain injury battery, consisting of six performance tests and two subjective scales, was administered to a sample of healthy active duty soldiers (N ϭ 5,247) as part of a concussion surveillance program. Performance means and SDs, stratified according to age and gender, are reported as reference data. In addition, the impact of age and gender on performance measures was analyzed. Because ANAM is rapidly being adopted for use in many military medical and research applications, the establishment of these reference values is invaluable, particularly for assisting with rapid accurate evaluation and treatment in clinical settings.
Personality and Individual Differences, Mar 1, 1999
Hans J. Eysenck and Jerey A. Gray have proposed in¯uential theories of the biological bases of pe... more Hans J. Eysenck and Jerey A. Gray have proposed in¯uential theories of the biological bases of personality traits. Eysenck's theory concerns the extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism traits, whereas Gray proposes the use of new, rotated axes of impulsivity and anxiety. Eysenck uses multiple arousal systems as the central explanatory constructs, whereas Gray describes more speci®c systems related to behavioural inhibition and activation. This article reviews the evidence relating to these theories provided by studies of c.n.s. and a.n.s. psychophysiology, subjective aect, conditioning and attention and performance. It discusses key predictive successes and failures and methodological problems which may impede theory-testing. It is concluded that there is a solid core of predictive support for the Eysenck theory in some paradigms, such as the moderator eect of stimulation level on individual dierences in phasic electrodermal response and eyelid conditioning. In other settings, the theory fails to explain empirical data adequately, especially in studies of subjective response and attention and performance. Gray's theory has advanced research through stimulating interest in moderation of personality eects by motivational variables. It also provides a better explanation than Eysenck's theory for certain data, such as instrumental conditioning to reward stimuli and the positive aectivity of extraverts. Overall, however, Gray's theory explains a narrower range of ®ndings than Eysenck's. There is little evidence that Gray's revised personality axes are generally more predictive of psychophysiological and performance criteria than Eysenck's original dimensions. Finally, it is suggested that the assumptions of the biological approach to personality are in need of reassessment. It is possible that the biological theories may be improved through developments in methodology or through discriminating multiple systems underpinning traits. For example, extraversion may have distinct``reticulo±cortical'' and``dopaminergic'' aspects. Alternatively, the biological approach may not in fact be adequate for explaining behavioural Personality and Individual Differences 26 (1999) 583±626
PsycEXTRA Dataset, 1997
This is a report of a Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) project completed at the University of O... more This is a report of a Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) project completed at the University of Oklahoma under Task Order DTFA-02-94-T-80067 ofcontract DTFA-02-93-D-93088 for the FederalAviationAdministration. Funding for the effort was provided by the CAMI Human Factors Research Laboratory (CAMI/.AAM-500). The authors gratefully acknowledge several individuals for their contributions to the project. Luz-Eugenia Cox-Fuenzalida, Ioannis Vasmatzidis, Rhonda Swickert, and Randa L. Shehab served to coordinate the numerous facets of the study. Their contributions to the recruitment and retention of subjects, and to the collection, reduction, and analysis of data were invaluable. Scott Mills provided valuable hardware and software support and Arasendntn Sellakannu and Tamy L. Fry
Optometry and Vision Science, Dec 1, 1975
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2008
The reliability and construct validity of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (AN... more The reliability and construct validity of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) mood scale (AMS) were examined using concurrent, well-validated measures of mood and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a sample of 210 volunteer college students. The AMS was given in computerized format with multiple adjectives using a visual analog Likert scale yielding seven dimensions of mood including vigor, restlessness, depression, anger, fatigue, anxiety, and happiness. All seven mood dimensions of the AMS demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Also, the AMS anxiety dimension correlated strongly with the Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory (r = 0.67) and the AMS depression dimension correlated strongly with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (r = 0.71). CFA revealed that the AMS 7-factor mood model fit the data well and significantly better than an alternative, theoretically plausible model. When concurrent measures of mood were incorporated in the CFA model, the AMS demonstrated both convergent and discriminant validity. The AMS 7-factor model explained 55.12% of the total variance in the items. It was concluded that the AMS provides a brief yet reasonably complete and valid assessment of mood.
Human Factors, Dec 1, 1994
A series of three studies was conducted to explore the use of tactile stimulation or light tappin... more A series of three studies was conducted to explore the use of tactile stimulation or light tapping of the human head to inform a pilot of possible threats or other situations in the flight environment. Study 1 confirmed that subjects could achieve 100% detection of the tactile stimuli. Localization performance, measured in Study 2, depended on the number of different stimulus sites and ranged from 93% accuracy for 6 sites to 47% accuracy for 12 sites across the parietal meridian of the head. In Study 3 we investigated the effect of performing the localization task simultaneously with a dual memoryltracking task or an air combat simulation task. These studies demonstrated that tactile information display could be an integral contributor to improved situation awareness, but not without cost to other task performance. The results of Study 3 were also examined with reference to popular models of attention and workload.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1980
The personality dimension of introversion/extraversion is one of the few personality dimensions t... more The personality dimension of introversion/extraversion is one of the few personality dimensions that can be reliably identified from study to study and investĝ ator to investigator. The importance of this dimension within personality theory is due both to the stability of the trait and the influential theory of H. J. Eysenck. The basic assumption in Eysenck's theory of introversion/extraversion is that the personality differences between introverts and extraverts reflect some basic difference in the resting level of cortical arousal or activation. Assuming that there is a curvilinear relationship (an inverted U) between levels of stress and performance leads to a test of this arousal theory. That is, moderate increases in stress should hinder the performance of introverts who are presumably already highly aroused. However, the same moderate increase in stress might help the performance of the presumably underaroused extraverts. Revelle, Amaral, and Turriff .reported that the administration of moderate doses of caffeine hindered the performance of introverts and helped the performance of extraverts on a cognitive task-similar to the verbal test of the Graduate Record Examination. Assuming that caffeine increases arousal, this interaction between introversion/extraversion and drug condition supports Eysenck's theory. This interaction was explored in a series of experiments designed to replicate, extend, and test the generality of the original finding. The interaction between personality and drug condition was replicated and extended to additional cognitive performance tasks. However, these interactions were affected by time of day and stage of practice, and the subscales of introversion/extraversion, impulsivity, and sociability, were differentially affected. In the morning of the first day, low impulsives were hindered and high impulsives helped by caffeine. This pattern reversed in the evening of the first day, and it reversed again in the evening of Day 2. We concluded that the results from the first day of testing require a revision of Eysenck's theory. Instead of a stable difference in arousal between low and high impulsives, it appeared that these groups differed in the phase of their diurnal arousal rhythms. The result is that low impulsives are more aroused in the morning and less aroused in the evening than are the high impulsives. A variety of peripheral or strategic explanations (differences in caffeine consumption, guessing strategies, distraction, etc.) for the observed performance increments and decrements were proposed and tentatively rejected. It seems probable that some fundamental change in the efficiency with which information is processed is responsible for these performance changes.
PsycEXTRA Dataset, 2004
As software products, computer-based performance assessment tasks and batteries cannot escape one... more As software products, computer-based performance assessment tasks and batteries cannot escape one of the cornerstones of software engineering-the software life cycle. This paper presents a discussion of the elements of the software life cycle that are unique to performance assessment batteries and focuses on a specific element of product development, quality assurance assessment. A discussion of the key ingredients for converting a computer-based assessment task into a commercially viable product is also included.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, Oct 1, 1974
Journal of Athletic Training, Jul 1, 2013
Context: Large-scale baseline cognitive assessment for individuals at risk for concussion is a co... more Context: Large-scale baseline cognitive assessment for individuals at risk for concussion is a common part of the protocol for concussion-surveillance programs, particularly in sports. Baseline cognitive testing is also being conducted in US military service members before deployment. Recently, the incremental validity of large-scale baseline cognitive assessment has been questioned. Objective: To examine the added value of baseline cognitive testing in computer-based neuropsychological assessment by comparing 2 methods of classifying atypical performance in a presumed healthy sample. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Military base. Patients or Other Participants: Military service members who took the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matrix (ANAM) before and after deployment (n ¼ 8002). Main Outcome Measure(s): Rates of atypical performance in this healthy, active-duty sample were determined first by comparing postdeployment scores with a military normative database and then with each individual's personal baseline performance using a reliable change index. Results: Overall rates of atypical performance were comparable across these 2 methods. However, these methods were highly discordant in terms of which individuals were classified as atypical. When norm-referenced methods were used, 2.6% of individuals classified as normal actually demonstrated declines from baseline. Further, 65.7% of individuals classified as atypical using norm-referenced scores showed no change from baseline (ie, potential false-positive findings). Conclusions: Knowing an individual's baseline performance is important for minimizing potential false-positive errors and reducing the risks and stresses of misdiagnosis.
Journal of Research in Personality, Dec 1, 1980
ABSTRACT In a test of the arousal hypothesis of introversion-extraversion, subjects were pre- and... more ABSTRACT In a test of the arousal hypothesis of introversion-extraversion, subjects were pre- and post-tested on practice Graduate Record Examination verbal performance items while administered caffeine at either 0, 2, or 4 mg/kg of body weight. Introverts increased dramatically in performance between the 0 and 2 mg/kg conditions and then decreased even more dramatically between the 2 and 4 mg/kg conditions. Extraverts showed decrements in performance at the 0 mg/kg level, improved slightly at the 2 mg/kg level, and showed marked improvement at the 4 mg/kg level. Further analyses revealed that introverts increased in both speed and accuracy at low levels of stimulation but then decreased in both at higher levels of stimulation. Extraverts showed continued increases in speed and accuracy across the increasing arousal levels.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1980
Three issues raised by M. W. Eysenck and Folkard are discussed. These include (a) just what indiv... more Three issues raised by M. W. Eysenck and Folkard are discussed. These include (a) just what individual difference variable is mediating the time of day and caffeine effects; (b) what the difference is in the diurnal rhythms of low and high impulsives; and (c) whether it is necessary to postulate multiple activation states. Suggestions for future research are then given.
Journal of Research in Personality, Sep 1, 1998
It has been suggested that the trait of extraversion is associated with physiological arousal (Ey... more It has been suggested that the trait of extraversion is associated with physiological arousal (Eysenck, 1967). Both psychophysiological and behavioral studies have generally supported this statement (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985). However, recent research has suggested that the trait of impulsivity is the trait most closely linked to the physiological arousal mechanisms believed to underlie extraversion (Revelle, Humphreys, Simon, & Gilliland, 1980). This study utilized brainstem auditory evoked responses (ABRs) to investigate which trait (extraversion, impulsivity, sociability) is most closely related to hypothesized ascending reticular activating system-regulated arousal processes. The results indicated that the full scale of extraversion was related to ABR wave V activity, r ϭ .27, p Ͻ .025, with extraverts exhibiting slower ABR latencies compared to introverts. Analyses of the subscales indicated that sociability (r ϭ .27, p Ͻ .025), rather than impulsivity (r ϭ .05, p Ͻ .70), contributed more to this effect.