Allyson Rosen - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Allyson Rosen

Research paper thumbnail of Convergence Analysis of Micro-Lesions (CAML): An approach to mapping of diffuse lesions from carotid revascularization

NeuroImage. Clinical, 2018

Carotid revascularization (endarterectomy, stenting) prevents stroke; however, procedure-related ... more Carotid revascularization (endarterectomy, stenting) prevents stroke; however, procedure-related embolization is common and results in small brain lesions easily identified by diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). A crucial barrier to understanding the clinical significance of these lesions has been the lack of a statistical approach to identify vulnerable brain areas. The problem is that the lesions are small, numerous, and non-overlapping. Here we address this problem with a new method, the Convergence Analysis of Micro-Lesions (CAML) technique, an extension of the Anatomic Likelihood Analysis (ALE). The method combines manual lesion tracing, constraints based on known lesion patterns, and convergence analysis to represent regions vulnerable to lesions as probabilistic brain atlases. Two studies were conducted over the course of 12 years in an active, vascular surgery clinic. An analysis in an initial group of 126 patients at 1.5 T MRI was cross-validated in a secon...

Research paper thumbnail of Answer to last month's radiology case (# 41) and image: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Conduction Aphasia from a Close Proximity Blast Resulting in Arcuate Fasciculus Damage Diagnosed on DTI Tractography

Abstract : The authors present a case demonstrating that a blast injury was associated with both ... more Abstract : The authors present a case demonstrating that a blast injury was associated with both conduction aphasia and an abnormality in the left Arcuate Fasciculus (AF) on MR DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging). In addition, this study showed the presence of conduction aprosodia in the setting of damage to the homologous area in the right hemisphere (hereafter referred to as the right homologue of the AF). In prior research, diffusion tensor images have revealed injuries invisible to standard structural imaging. Our finding is consistent with a previous diffusion tensor study demonstrating that damage to the AF is associated with conduction aphasia. Based on the patient's length of posttraumatic amnesia this patient's second TBI would be classified as mild and unlikely to be associated with enduring cognitive deficits, and yet we have observed evidence from both DTI and behavior that there is enduring dysfunction. This case report suggests that further study of patients with complaints following blast injuries is warranted, particularly with advanced imaging techniques such as DTI. Of particular interest, change over time in white matter tracts, observed using sequential DTI, could show improvement of connectivity.

Research paper thumbnail of Ruminative reflection is associated with anticorrelations between the orbitofrontal cortex and the default mode network in depression: implications for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Brain Imaging and Behavior

Patients with depression who ruminate repeatedly focus on depressive thoughts; however, there are... more Patients with depression who ruminate repeatedly focus on depressive thoughts; however, there are two cognitive subtypes of rumination, reflection and brooding, each associated with different prognoses. Reflection involves problem-solving and is associated with positive outcomes, whereas brooding involves passive, negative, comparison with other people and is associated with poor outcomes. Rumination has also been related to atypical functional hyperconnectivity between the default mode network and subgenual prefrontal cortex. Repetitive pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex has been shown to alter functional connectivity, suggesting that the abnormal connectivity associated with rumination could potentially be altered. This study examined potential repetitive pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation prefrontal cortical targets that could modulate one or both of these rumination subtypes. Forty-three patients who took part in a trial of repetitive pulse tra...

Research paper thumbnail of Longitudinal Cognitive Trajectories of Women Veterans from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study

The Gerontologist, Jan 27, 2015

A comparison of longitudinal global cognitive functioning in women Veteran and non-Veteran partic... more A comparison of longitudinal global cognitive functioning in women Veteran and non-Veteran participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). We studied 7,330 women aged 65-79 at baseline who participated in the WHI Hormone Therapy Trial and its ancillary Memory Study (WHIMS). Global cognitive functioning (Modified Mini-Mental State Examination [3MSE]) in Veterans (n = 279) and non-Veterans (n = 7,051) was compared at baseline and annually for 8 years using generalized linear modeling methods. Compared with non-Veterans, Veteran women were older, more likely to be Caucasian, unmarried, and had higher rates of educational and occupational attainment. Results of unadjusted baseline analyses suggest 3MSE scores were similar between groups. Longitudinal analyses, adjusted for age, education, ethnicity, and WHI trial assignment revealed differences in the rate of cognitive decline between groups over time, such that scores decreased more in Veterans relative to non-Veterans. This r...

Research paper thumbnail of Abstract 129: Predicting Patients Who Will Have Cognitive Decline After Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting Using Structural Connectivity Graph Analysis

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, May 1, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Raloxifene for women with Alzheimer disease: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Neurology, Jan 4, 2015

To determine whether raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, improves cognitive func... more To determine whether raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, improves cognitive function compared with placebo in women with Alzheimer disease (AD) and to provide an estimate of cognitive effect. This pilot study was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, with a planned treatment of 12 months. Women with late-onset AD of mild to moderate severity were randomly allocated to high-dose (120 mg) oral raloxifene or identical placebo provided once daily. The primary outcome compared between treatment groups at 12 months was change in the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog). Forty-two women randomized to raloxifene or placebo were included in intent-to-treat analyses (mean age 76 years, range 68-84), and 39 women contributed 12-month outcomes. ADAS-cog change scores at 12 months did not differ significantly between treatment groups (standardized difference 0.03, 95% confidence interval -0.39 to 0.44, 2-tailed p = ...

Research paper thumbnail of Perceptual organization, aging, and the multichannel model /

Research paper thumbnail of Intra- and Interrater Reliability of Microemboli Volume Measurements on Diffusion-Weighted MRI

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology

Objective: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient... more Objective: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) are useful techniques which demonstrate the occurrence of microemboli soon after carotid interventions such as carotid stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). There is evidence that these lesions affect cognition. To validate a sound method of reliably quantifying microemboli, we have investigated a novel volumetric analytic procedure. The similarity index (SI), a metric of similarity based on the kappa statistic, was applied due to its sensitivity to location when considering small lesions. The current study provides interrater reliability estimates of lesion volume measurements. Method: Thirty patients who underwent perioperative MRI evaluations for carotid interventions from July 2004 to December 2008 were evaluated. Evaluation of microemboli was performed by two raters, the expert rater is a board certified neuroradiologist with published work detecting numbers of mic...

Research paper thumbnail of PS112. Predicting Cognitive Decline After Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA) or Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS) Using Structural Connectivity Graph Analysis

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Different Diagnosis, Shared Vulnerabilities: The Value of Cross Disorder Validation of Capacity to Consent

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, Jan 10, 2015

A screening measure of capacity to consent can provide an efficient method of determining the app... more A screening measure of capacity to consent can provide an efficient method of determining the appropriateness of including individuals from vulnerable patient populations in research, particularly in circumstances in which no caregiver is available to provide surrogate consent. Seaman et al. (2015) cross-validate a measure of capacity to consent to research developed by Jeste et al. (2007). They provide data on controls, caregivers, and patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The study demonstrates the importance of validating measures across disorders with different domains of incapacity, as well as the need for timely and appropriate follow-up with potential participants who yield positive screens. Ultimately clinical measures need to adapt to the dimensional diagnostic approaches put forward in DSM 5. Integrative models of constructs, such as capacity to consent, will make this process more efficient by avoiding the need to test measures in each disorder. Until then...

Research paper thumbnail of Cognitive training changes hippocampal function in mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2011

A randomized pilot experiment examined the neural substrates of response to cognitive training in... more A randomized pilot experiment examined the neural substrates of response to cognitive training in participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants performed exercises previously demonstrated to improve verbal memory and an active control group performed other computer activities. An auditory-verbal fMRI task was conducted before and after the two-month training program. Verbal memory scores improved significantly and left hippocampal activation increased significantly in the experimental group (gains in 5 of 6 participants) relative to the control group (reductions in all 6 participants). Results suggest that the hippocampus in MCI may retain sufficient neuroplasticity to benefit from cognitive training.

Research paper thumbnail of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Behavioral Models of Smoking Addiction

Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2012

While few studies have applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to smoking addictio... more While few studies have applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to smoking addiction, existing work suggests that the intervention holds promise for altering the complex system by which environmental cues interact with cravings to drive behavior. Imaging and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation studies suggest that increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation and integrity may be associated with increased resistance to smoking cues. Anodal tDCS of the DLPFC, believed to boost activation, reduces cravings in response to these cues. The finding that noninvasive stimulation modifies cue induced cravings has profound implications for understanding the processes underlying addiction and relapse. tDCS can also be applied to probe mechanisms underlying and supporting nicotine addiction, as was done in a pharmacologic study that applied nicotine, tDCS, and TMS paired associative stimulation to find that stopping nicotine after chronic use induces a reduction in plasticity, causing difficulty in breaking free from association between cues and cravings. This mini-review will place studies that apply tDCS to smokers in the context of research involving the neural substrates of nicotine addiction.

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic Polymorphisms Influence Cognition in Patients Undergoing Carotid Interventions

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Patient Characteristics Can Influence the Incidence of Perioperative Microemboli during Carotid Artery Interventions

Journal of Angiology, 2015

properly cited.

Research paper thumbnail of Functional MRI evidence for subcortical participation in conceptual reasoning skills

NeuroReport, 1997

LESIONS involving the dorsolateral prefrontal lobes may produce deficits on conceptual reasoning ... more LESIONS involving the dorsolateral prefrontal lobes may produce deficits on conceptual reasoning (CR) tasks in humans. Such deficits can also occur with subcortical lesions involving the basal ganglia, thalamus, or cerebellum, suggesting a common, yet widespread, neural network ...

Research paper thumbnail of Imaging Analysis of Microemboli Following Carotid Surgical Interventions

Research paper thumbnail of Mapping of semantic versus phonological versus orthographic verbal working memory in normal adults with fMRI

Research paper thumbnail of Important Predictors of DWI Lesions and Neurological Sequelae Following Carotid Intervention

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2011

protocol consisted of 2D and 3D time of flight (TOF) sequences performed at 1.5T (Siemens Avanto,... more protocol consisted of 2D and 3D time of flight (TOF) sequences performed at 1.5T (Siemens Avanto, Germany). Through-plane blood flow velocities in the artery and vein were measured 3cm above the anastomosis with a 2D phase contrast (PC) sequence. CE-MRA was done with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (ferumoxytol, AMAG, Lexington MA). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using a finite volume solver to determine velocity field and wall shear stress distributions (Fluent, Lebanon NH).

Research paper thumbnail of PS76. Memory Decline following Carotid Interventions

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2011

Objectives: Blunt abdominal aortic injury (BAAI) is very rare. Current literature is limited to c... more Objectives: Blunt abdominal aortic injury (BAAI) is very rare. Current literature is limited to case series of single center experience. Through an analysis of the National Trauma Databank (NTBD), the largest aggregation of United States trauma registry data, our aim was to more accurately characterize the injury patterns, management strategy and mortality of patients with BAAI.

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic Correlates of Cognitive Change in Patients Undergoing Carotid Interventions

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Convergence Analysis of Micro-Lesions (CAML): An approach to mapping of diffuse lesions from carotid revascularization

NeuroImage. Clinical, 2018

Carotid revascularization (endarterectomy, stenting) prevents stroke; however, procedure-related ... more Carotid revascularization (endarterectomy, stenting) prevents stroke; however, procedure-related embolization is common and results in small brain lesions easily identified by diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). A crucial barrier to understanding the clinical significance of these lesions has been the lack of a statistical approach to identify vulnerable brain areas. The problem is that the lesions are small, numerous, and non-overlapping. Here we address this problem with a new method, the Convergence Analysis of Micro-Lesions (CAML) technique, an extension of the Anatomic Likelihood Analysis (ALE). The method combines manual lesion tracing, constraints based on known lesion patterns, and convergence analysis to represent regions vulnerable to lesions as probabilistic brain atlases. Two studies were conducted over the course of 12 years in an active, vascular surgery clinic. An analysis in an initial group of 126 patients at 1.5 T MRI was cross-validated in a secon...

Research paper thumbnail of Answer to last month's radiology case (# 41) and image: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Conduction Aphasia from a Close Proximity Blast Resulting in Arcuate Fasciculus Damage Diagnosed on DTI Tractography

Abstract : The authors present a case demonstrating that a blast injury was associated with both ... more Abstract : The authors present a case demonstrating that a blast injury was associated with both conduction aphasia and an abnormality in the left Arcuate Fasciculus (AF) on MR DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging). In addition, this study showed the presence of conduction aprosodia in the setting of damage to the homologous area in the right hemisphere (hereafter referred to as the right homologue of the AF). In prior research, diffusion tensor images have revealed injuries invisible to standard structural imaging. Our finding is consistent with a previous diffusion tensor study demonstrating that damage to the AF is associated with conduction aphasia. Based on the patient's length of posttraumatic amnesia this patient's second TBI would be classified as mild and unlikely to be associated with enduring cognitive deficits, and yet we have observed evidence from both DTI and behavior that there is enduring dysfunction. This case report suggests that further study of patients with complaints following blast injuries is warranted, particularly with advanced imaging techniques such as DTI. Of particular interest, change over time in white matter tracts, observed using sequential DTI, could show improvement of connectivity.

Research paper thumbnail of Ruminative reflection is associated with anticorrelations between the orbitofrontal cortex and the default mode network in depression: implications for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Brain Imaging and Behavior

Patients with depression who ruminate repeatedly focus on depressive thoughts; however, there are... more Patients with depression who ruminate repeatedly focus on depressive thoughts; however, there are two cognitive subtypes of rumination, reflection and brooding, each associated with different prognoses. Reflection involves problem-solving and is associated with positive outcomes, whereas brooding involves passive, negative, comparison with other people and is associated with poor outcomes. Rumination has also been related to atypical functional hyperconnectivity between the default mode network and subgenual prefrontal cortex. Repetitive pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex has been shown to alter functional connectivity, suggesting that the abnormal connectivity associated with rumination could potentially be altered. This study examined potential repetitive pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation prefrontal cortical targets that could modulate one or both of these rumination subtypes. Forty-three patients who took part in a trial of repetitive pulse tra...

Research paper thumbnail of Longitudinal Cognitive Trajectories of Women Veterans from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study

The Gerontologist, Jan 27, 2015

A comparison of longitudinal global cognitive functioning in women Veteran and non-Veteran partic... more A comparison of longitudinal global cognitive functioning in women Veteran and non-Veteran participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). We studied 7,330 women aged 65-79 at baseline who participated in the WHI Hormone Therapy Trial and its ancillary Memory Study (WHIMS). Global cognitive functioning (Modified Mini-Mental State Examination [3MSE]) in Veterans (n = 279) and non-Veterans (n = 7,051) was compared at baseline and annually for 8 years using generalized linear modeling methods. Compared with non-Veterans, Veteran women were older, more likely to be Caucasian, unmarried, and had higher rates of educational and occupational attainment. Results of unadjusted baseline analyses suggest 3MSE scores were similar between groups. Longitudinal analyses, adjusted for age, education, ethnicity, and WHI trial assignment revealed differences in the rate of cognitive decline between groups over time, such that scores decreased more in Veterans relative to non-Veterans. This r...

Research paper thumbnail of Abstract 129: Predicting Patients Who Will Have Cognitive Decline After Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting Using Structural Connectivity Graph Analysis

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, May 1, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Raloxifene for women with Alzheimer disease: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Neurology, Jan 4, 2015

To determine whether raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, improves cognitive func... more To determine whether raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, improves cognitive function compared with placebo in women with Alzheimer disease (AD) and to provide an estimate of cognitive effect. This pilot study was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, with a planned treatment of 12 months. Women with late-onset AD of mild to moderate severity were randomly allocated to high-dose (120 mg) oral raloxifene or identical placebo provided once daily. The primary outcome compared between treatment groups at 12 months was change in the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog). Forty-two women randomized to raloxifene or placebo were included in intent-to-treat analyses (mean age 76 years, range 68-84), and 39 women contributed 12-month outcomes. ADAS-cog change scores at 12 months did not differ significantly between treatment groups (standardized difference 0.03, 95% confidence interval -0.39 to 0.44, 2-tailed p = ...

Research paper thumbnail of Perceptual organization, aging, and the multichannel model /

Research paper thumbnail of Intra- and Interrater Reliability of Microemboli Volume Measurements on Diffusion-Weighted MRI

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology

Objective: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient... more Objective: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) are useful techniques which demonstrate the occurrence of microemboli soon after carotid interventions such as carotid stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). There is evidence that these lesions affect cognition. To validate a sound method of reliably quantifying microemboli, we have investigated a novel volumetric analytic procedure. The similarity index (SI), a metric of similarity based on the kappa statistic, was applied due to its sensitivity to location when considering small lesions. The current study provides interrater reliability estimates of lesion volume measurements. Method: Thirty patients who underwent perioperative MRI evaluations for carotid interventions from July 2004 to December 2008 were evaluated. Evaluation of microemboli was performed by two raters, the expert rater is a board certified neuroradiologist with published work detecting numbers of mic...

Research paper thumbnail of PS112. Predicting Cognitive Decline After Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA) or Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS) Using Structural Connectivity Graph Analysis

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Different Diagnosis, Shared Vulnerabilities: The Value of Cross Disorder Validation of Capacity to Consent

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, Jan 10, 2015

A screening measure of capacity to consent can provide an efficient method of determining the app... more A screening measure of capacity to consent can provide an efficient method of determining the appropriateness of including individuals from vulnerable patient populations in research, particularly in circumstances in which no caregiver is available to provide surrogate consent. Seaman et al. (2015) cross-validate a measure of capacity to consent to research developed by Jeste et al. (2007). They provide data on controls, caregivers, and patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The study demonstrates the importance of validating measures across disorders with different domains of incapacity, as well as the need for timely and appropriate follow-up with potential participants who yield positive screens. Ultimately clinical measures need to adapt to the dimensional diagnostic approaches put forward in DSM 5. Integrative models of constructs, such as capacity to consent, will make this process more efficient by avoiding the need to test measures in each disorder. Until then...

Research paper thumbnail of Cognitive training changes hippocampal function in mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2011

A randomized pilot experiment examined the neural substrates of response to cognitive training in... more A randomized pilot experiment examined the neural substrates of response to cognitive training in participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants performed exercises previously demonstrated to improve verbal memory and an active control group performed other computer activities. An auditory-verbal fMRI task was conducted before and after the two-month training program. Verbal memory scores improved significantly and left hippocampal activation increased significantly in the experimental group (gains in 5 of 6 participants) relative to the control group (reductions in all 6 participants). Results suggest that the hippocampus in MCI may retain sufficient neuroplasticity to benefit from cognitive training.

Research paper thumbnail of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Behavioral Models of Smoking Addiction

Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2012

While few studies have applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to smoking addictio... more While few studies have applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to smoking addiction, existing work suggests that the intervention holds promise for altering the complex system by which environmental cues interact with cravings to drive behavior. Imaging and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation studies suggest that increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation and integrity may be associated with increased resistance to smoking cues. Anodal tDCS of the DLPFC, believed to boost activation, reduces cravings in response to these cues. The finding that noninvasive stimulation modifies cue induced cravings has profound implications for understanding the processes underlying addiction and relapse. tDCS can also be applied to probe mechanisms underlying and supporting nicotine addiction, as was done in a pharmacologic study that applied nicotine, tDCS, and TMS paired associative stimulation to find that stopping nicotine after chronic use induces a reduction in plasticity, causing difficulty in breaking free from association between cues and cravings. This mini-review will place studies that apply tDCS to smokers in the context of research involving the neural substrates of nicotine addiction.

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic Polymorphisms Influence Cognition in Patients Undergoing Carotid Interventions

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Patient Characteristics Can Influence the Incidence of Perioperative Microemboli during Carotid Artery Interventions

Journal of Angiology, 2015

properly cited.

Research paper thumbnail of Functional MRI evidence for subcortical participation in conceptual reasoning skills

NeuroReport, 1997

LESIONS involving the dorsolateral prefrontal lobes may produce deficits on conceptual reasoning ... more LESIONS involving the dorsolateral prefrontal lobes may produce deficits on conceptual reasoning (CR) tasks in humans. Such deficits can also occur with subcortical lesions involving the basal ganglia, thalamus, or cerebellum, suggesting a common, yet widespread, neural network ...

Research paper thumbnail of Imaging Analysis of Microemboli Following Carotid Surgical Interventions

Research paper thumbnail of Mapping of semantic versus phonological versus orthographic verbal working memory in normal adults with fMRI

Research paper thumbnail of Important Predictors of DWI Lesions and Neurological Sequelae Following Carotid Intervention

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2011

protocol consisted of 2D and 3D time of flight (TOF) sequences performed at 1.5T (Siemens Avanto,... more protocol consisted of 2D and 3D time of flight (TOF) sequences performed at 1.5T (Siemens Avanto, Germany). Through-plane blood flow velocities in the artery and vein were measured 3cm above the anastomosis with a 2D phase contrast (PC) sequence. CE-MRA was done with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (ferumoxytol, AMAG, Lexington MA). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using a finite volume solver to determine velocity field and wall shear stress distributions (Fluent, Lebanon NH).

Research paper thumbnail of PS76. Memory Decline following Carotid Interventions

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2011

Objectives: Blunt abdominal aortic injury (BAAI) is very rare. Current literature is limited to c... more Objectives: Blunt abdominal aortic injury (BAAI) is very rare. Current literature is limited to case series of single center experience. Through an analysis of the National Trauma Databank (NTBD), the largest aggregation of United States trauma registry data, our aim was to more accurately characterize the injury patterns, management strategy and mortality of patients with BAAI.

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic Correlates of Cognitive Change in Patients Undergoing Carotid Interventions

Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2013