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Papers by Wojciech Marczewski

This is the report to COSPAR on Polish space research and space application projects covering per... more This is the report to COSPAR on Polish space research and space application projects covering period 2003–2007. The Report was prepared by the Committee on Space Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The authors of the contributions to this Report are the chairpersons of four commissions of the Committee: Space Physics, Satellite Geodesy, Remote Sensing, and Astronautics and Space Technology. The report describes scientific activity in space physics, in space applications for planetary geodesy and remote sensing, and the activity in the field of astronautics and space technologies.

Soil and Tillage Research, 2016

Transactions of the ASABE, 2012

ABSTRACT The study was performed to evaluate temporal and spatial distribution of the soil therma... more ABSTRACT The study was performed to evaluate temporal and spatial distribution of the soil thermal properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity) in relation to soil wetness and bulk density in a soil wetlands on Polesie and Biebrza. The thermal properties were determined based on soil textural and mineral composition, water content and bulk density at each wetness status, together with temperature. Thermal conductivity was measured using KD2Poro Decagon probe and calculated by the physical-statistical model (Usowicz, et al., 2006) and heat capacity – with empirical formulae, and thermal diffusivity from the ratio of thermal conductivity and heat capacity. It was shown that the thermal conductivity was considerably lower in peat and marsh soils compared with mineral soils irrespective of soil water status. Maximum thermal conductivity of the organic wetland soils of different bulk density did not exceed the value of the thermal conductivity of water whereas in mineral soils it was approximately 3-5 times higher. The heat capacity of the soils increased linearly with moisture content. Soils richer in organic matter and thus of lower densities show the minimum heat capacity in the dry state and highest and almost equal to the water heat capacity at saturation with water. Characteristic extremes of the thermal diffusivity were observed. In the case of organic soils the diffusivity was lower, by almost one order of magnitude, compared with mineral soils. Soils with a higher content of organic matter exhibit both minimum and maximum, while mineral soils – only maximum. The maximum diffusivity at the same moisture content was greater for the higher densities and tends to move toward the lower moisture content for higher densities. The studied soils in Polesie and Biebrza wetlands, higher in organic matter exhibit smaller temporal variation of the thermal diffusivity compared to soils lower in organic matter content in response to changes of water content. Mineral soils had similar thermal diffusivities in both sites.

MICROWAVE BALUN TRANSFORMER ESPECIALLY FOR MIXERS AND MODULATORS

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 2010

ABSTRACT The paper tries interpreting how the method of SMOS observations realizes managing the p... more ABSTRACT The paper tries interpreting how the method of SMOS observations realizes managing the problem of large scales and the target heterogeneity by means of employing the polarization angular signature. Land surface target on the Earth is naturally heterogeneous in its continuity of physical and biophysical properties. Soil moisture (SM) retrieval from SMOS data requires using the model CMEM to determine relations between the temperature brightness and water related properties and conditions, which are anchored to the ground by auxiliary data. SM retrieval must start from the conditions at least approaching physical reality. SMOS performs the data fusion in NRT (Nearly Real Time) in a very specific way, what is a new quality added to EO (Earth Observations). The paper demonstrates several effects of employing the SM retrievals from L1C data. Authors explain how they validate few selected test sites in Poland, and come to conclusions on choosing a strategy focused on validating single sites. Finally, they come to an understanding that SM retrieval is an advanced statistical method requiring good referencing to ground based physical conditions in large scales, worth confronting the shallow water content obtained from SMOS to that assessments of the total water content on continental scales, which available from effects of gravitational missions.

Basing on the MUPUS thermal probe (part of the ESA Rosetta-Mission) we are developing a new compl... more Basing on the MUPUS thermal probe (part of the ESA Rosetta-Mission) we are developing a new complete system for near-surface thermal measurements at the Institut für Planetologie. The system consists of thermal probe(s), electronics and user software for applications in several disciplines of Geosciences (e.g. Soil Science, Snow research...). The probe is a glass-fibre tube of one cm diameter, about 32 cm long and carries 16 sensors for measuring temperature profiles. Each of the sensors can also be heated for in situ measurements of the thermal diffusivity of the penetrated layers, from which we can derive the thermal conductivity. All necessary connections and the sensors itself are printed on a foil which is rolled and glued to the inner wall of the tube. One electronic box can handle up to four thermal probes at the same time and is controlled via PC either by cable connection or by RF link. The software, which is still under development, will control all functions of a measurem...

Processes of the mass and energy transfer between ground, atmosphere and plants, are very much di... more Processes of the mass and energy transfer between ground, atmosphere and plants, are very much diverse in spatial and temporal distributed physical measures. A complex of these processes does not allow on a clear recognition between effects and causes and simple concluding on dominant physical, chemical and biological impacts. Therefore, the relevance of effects to the climate impact on observations seems to be recognized as well as possible. From the other side the relevance of the agrophysically observed processes, must impact the climate constituents what becomes the utmost concern of nowadays aims in research. A value of that recognition depends on the precision and the scales of the investigations as well. The water transfer is a dominant contribution conditioning the transfer of energy on the Earth. Therefore, the scope is put on the precise and statistical use of the TDR technique in scales being much beyond a local test site. It was a common experience that single TDR measur...

EXSTASE is a spin-off project from the MUPUS (Rosetta Lander) thermal probe, both funded by DLR. ... more EXSTASE is a spin-off project from the MUPUS (Rosetta Lander) thermal probe, both funded by DLR. The thermal probe will be tested in various environments and fields, e.g. in snow research, agriculture, permafrost, monitoring waste deposits and the heat released by decomposition, ground truth for remote sensing etc. The probe is a glass-fibre tube of 1 cm diamter, about 32 cm long and carries of 16 sensors for measuring temperature profiles. Each of the sensors can also be heated for in situ measurements of the thermal conductivity of the penetrated layers. All necessary connection and the sensors itself are printed on a capton foil which is rolled and glued to the inner wall of the tube. This design results in the significant advantage that the measurements can be done in-situ - noch excavation of material is required to do the measurements. Recently, the development of the field electronic was finished and now the heating option - which is necessary to do the thermal conductivity m...

Soil stores 0.001% of total water content for the Planet. It does not look much, but is comparabl... more Soil stores 0.001% of total water content for the Planet. It does not look much, but is comparable to the amount of water circulating in the Earth’s atmosphere. Soil Moisture (SM) is one of most active water contributing to the Global Water Cycle. Therefore SM is one of Environmental Climate related Variables (ECVs), determining the global energy and mass transfer. Observations of SM and other ECVs join the environment assessments to all investigations concerning the climate change. Sufficient amount of water in soil is one of the most important factors determining effective crop production and other aspects connected with the quality of life. Information about SM spatial distribution and temporal behavior allows predicting floods, droughts, fires and many other threats. Constant monitoring of SM spatial distribution would provide very important information for further investigation of the hydrological balance of the Earth and valuable data for protecting the environment. However, t...

By merging the SMOS land and sea L1C data, we obtain global maps of the brightness temperature at... more By merging the SMOS land and sea L1C data, we obtain global maps of the brightness temperature at the top of the atmosphere at the L-band. This is a starting point for spatial and temporal analysis of the first Stokes parameter variations. One-year set of weakly averaged global maps of the first Stokes parameter clearly revealed dynamics of seasonal changes, especially at high latitudes and in the polar regions. It shows the changes in ice extent over Antarctica, ice melting in the Arctic Sea or the Hudson Bay. Current studies are focused only on the Southern Hemisphere, mainly Antarctica and the region of the Ross Sea, where we were able to detect with SMOS one of the biggest icebergs ever recorded (B15J - part of the B15 iceberg). For nearly a year, the drifting iceberg was tracked on the SMOS data. An isolated, floating along Antarctica, set of 8-10 SMOS DGG pixels was a focal point for the present analysis. It was characterised by an excess in brightness temperature of approxima...

Water in soil is very important part of environment. Soil moisture (SM) is one of the factors whi... more Water in soil is very important part of environment. Soil moisture (SM) is one of the factors which govern the energy flow and hydrologic cycle of the Earth. For short and medium ranges of spatial and temporal scales, evolution of SM is more or less predictable on the base of soil physical properties, land use information and meteorological variables. Longer time history and larger scale in the spatial domain affect the evolution very much. This problem is common in investigating agricultural droughts, predicting floods and water resources assessments. Long, global scale satellite observations can serve an unprecedented aid in these aims. The work presents examples from NASA system GLDAS, and shows the water bounded in four subsurface layers in seasonal changes. That is the background for creating a reference base for our work on calibrating and validating satellite Mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity). We provide several validation test places in Poland for SMOS, and con...

This is the report to COSPAR on Polish space research and space application projects covering per... more This is the report to COSPAR on Polish space research and space application projects covering period 2003–2007. The Report was prepared by the Committee on Space Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The authors of the contributions to this Report are the chairpersons of four commissions of the Committee: Space Physics, Satellite Geodesy, Remote Sensing, and Astronautics and Space Technology. The report describes scientific activity in space physics, in space applications for planetary geodesy and remote sensing, and the activity in the field of astronautics and space technologies.

Soil and Tillage Research, 2016

Transactions of the ASABE, 2012

ABSTRACT The study was performed to evaluate temporal and spatial distribution of the soil therma... more ABSTRACT The study was performed to evaluate temporal and spatial distribution of the soil thermal properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity) in relation to soil wetness and bulk density in a soil wetlands on Polesie and Biebrza. The thermal properties were determined based on soil textural and mineral composition, water content and bulk density at each wetness status, together with temperature. Thermal conductivity was measured using KD2Poro Decagon probe and calculated by the physical-statistical model (Usowicz, et al., 2006) and heat capacity – with empirical formulae, and thermal diffusivity from the ratio of thermal conductivity and heat capacity. It was shown that the thermal conductivity was considerably lower in peat and marsh soils compared with mineral soils irrespective of soil water status. Maximum thermal conductivity of the organic wetland soils of different bulk density did not exceed the value of the thermal conductivity of water whereas in mineral soils it was approximately 3-5 times higher. The heat capacity of the soils increased linearly with moisture content. Soils richer in organic matter and thus of lower densities show the minimum heat capacity in the dry state and highest and almost equal to the water heat capacity at saturation with water. Characteristic extremes of the thermal diffusivity were observed. In the case of organic soils the diffusivity was lower, by almost one order of magnitude, compared with mineral soils. Soils with a higher content of organic matter exhibit both minimum and maximum, while mineral soils – only maximum. The maximum diffusivity at the same moisture content was greater for the higher densities and tends to move toward the lower moisture content for higher densities. The studied soils in Polesie and Biebrza wetlands, higher in organic matter exhibit smaller temporal variation of the thermal diffusivity compared to soils lower in organic matter content in response to changes of water content. Mineral soils had similar thermal diffusivities in both sites.

MICROWAVE BALUN TRANSFORMER ESPECIALLY FOR MIXERS AND MODULATORS

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 2010

ABSTRACT The paper tries interpreting how the method of SMOS observations realizes managing the p... more ABSTRACT The paper tries interpreting how the method of SMOS observations realizes managing the problem of large scales and the target heterogeneity by means of employing the polarization angular signature. Land surface target on the Earth is naturally heterogeneous in its continuity of physical and biophysical properties. Soil moisture (SM) retrieval from SMOS data requires using the model CMEM to determine relations between the temperature brightness and water related properties and conditions, which are anchored to the ground by auxiliary data. SM retrieval must start from the conditions at least approaching physical reality. SMOS performs the data fusion in NRT (Nearly Real Time) in a very specific way, what is a new quality added to EO (Earth Observations). The paper demonstrates several effects of employing the SM retrievals from L1C data. Authors explain how they validate few selected test sites in Poland, and come to conclusions on choosing a strategy focused on validating single sites. Finally, they come to an understanding that SM retrieval is an advanced statistical method requiring good referencing to ground based physical conditions in large scales, worth confronting the shallow water content obtained from SMOS to that assessments of the total water content on continental scales, which available from effects of gravitational missions.

Basing on the MUPUS thermal probe (part of the ESA Rosetta-Mission) we are developing a new compl... more Basing on the MUPUS thermal probe (part of the ESA Rosetta-Mission) we are developing a new complete system for near-surface thermal measurements at the Institut für Planetologie. The system consists of thermal probe(s), electronics and user software for applications in several disciplines of Geosciences (e.g. Soil Science, Snow research...). The probe is a glass-fibre tube of one cm diameter, about 32 cm long and carries 16 sensors for measuring temperature profiles. Each of the sensors can also be heated for in situ measurements of the thermal diffusivity of the penetrated layers, from which we can derive the thermal conductivity. All necessary connections and the sensors itself are printed on a foil which is rolled and glued to the inner wall of the tube. One electronic box can handle up to four thermal probes at the same time and is controlled via PC either by cable connection or by RF link. The software, which is still under development, will control all functions of a measurem...

Processes of the mass and energy transfer between ground, atmosphere and plants, are very much di... more Processes of the mass and energy transfer between ground, atmosphere and plants, are very much diverse in spatial and temporal distributed physical measures. A complex of these processes does not allow on a clear recognition between effects and causes and simple concluding on dominant physical, chemical and biological impacts. Therefore, the relevance of effects to the climate impact on observations seems to be recognized as well as possible. From the other side the relevance of the agrophysically observed processes, must impact the climate constituents what becomes the utmost concern of nowadays aims in research. A value of that recognition depends on the precision and the scales of the investigations as well. The water transfer is a dominant contribution conditioning the transfer of energy on the Earth. Therefore, the scope is put on the precise and statistical use of the TDR technique in scales being much beyond a local test site. It was a common experience that single TDR measur...

EXSTASE is a spin-off project from the MUPUS (Rosetta Lander) thermal probe, both funded by DLR. ... more EXSTASE is a spin-off project from the MUPUS (Rosetta Lander) thermal probe, both funded by DLR. The thermal probe will be tested in various environments and fields, e.g. in snow research, agriculture, permafrost, monitoring waste deposits and the heat released by decomposition, ground truth for remote sensing etc. The probe is a glass-fibre tube of 1 cm diamter, about 32 cm long and carries of 16 sensors for measuring temperature profiles. Each of the sensors can also be heated for in situ measurements of the thermal conductivity of the penetrated layers. All necessary connection and the sensors itself are printed on a capton foil which is rolled and glued to the inner wall of the tube. This design results in the significant advantage that the measurements can be done in-situ - noch excavation of material is required to do the measurements. Recently, the development of the field electronic was finished and now the heating option - which is necessary to do the thermal conductivity m...

Soil stores 0.001% of total water content for the Planet. It does not look much, but is comparabl... more Soil stores 0.001% of total water content for the Planet. It does not look much, but is comparable to the amount of water circulating in the Earth’s atmosphere. Soil Moisture (SM) is one of most active water contributing to the Global Water Cycle. Therefore SM is one of Environmental Climate related Variables (ECVs), determining the global energy and mass transfer. Observations of SM and other ECVs join the environment assessments to all investigations concerning the climate change. Sufficient amount of water in soil is one of the most important factors determining effective crop production and other aspects connected with the quality of life. Information about SM spatial distribution and temporal behavior allows predicting floods, droughts, fires and many other threats. Constant monitoring of SM spatial distribution would provide very important information for further investigation of the hydrological balance of the Earth and valuable data for protecting the environment. However, t...

By merging the SMOS land and sea L1C data, we obtain global maps of the brightness temperature at... more By merging the SMOS land and sea L1C data, we obtain global maps of the brightness temperature at the top of the atmosphere at the L-band. This is a starting point for spatial and temporal analysis of the first Stokes parameter variations. One-year set of weakly averaged global maps of the first Stokes parameter clearly revealed dynamics of seasonal changes, especially at high latitudes and in the polar regions. It shows the changes in ice extent over Antarctica, ice melting in the Arctic Sea or the Hudson Bay. Current studies are focused only on the Southern Hemisphere, mainly Antarctica and the region of the Ross Sea, where we were able to detect with SMOS one of the biggest icebergs ever recorded (B15J - part of the B15 iceberg). For nearly a year, the drifting iceberg was tracked on the SMOS data. An isolated, floating along Antarctica, set of 8-10 SMOS DGG pixels was a focal point for the present analysis. It was characterised by an excess in brightness temperature of approxima...

Water in soil is very important part of environment. Soil moisture (SM) is one of the factors whi... more Water in soil is very important part of environment. Soil moisture (SM) is one of the factors which govern the energy flow and hydrologic cycle of the Earth. For short and medium ranges of spatial and temporal scales, evolution of SM is more or less predictable on the base of soil physical properties, land use information and meteorological variables. Longer time history and larger scale in the spatial domain affect the evolution very much. This problem is common in investigating agricultural droughts, predicting floods and water resources assessments. Long, global scale satellite observations can serve an unprecedented aid in these aims. The work presents examples from NASA system GLDAS, and shows the water bounded in four subsurface layers in seasonal changes. That is the background for creating a reference base for our work on calibrating and validating satellite Mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity). We provide several validation test places in Poland for SMOS, and con...

Variability of soil moisture in the cultivated fields is determined by weather conditions (mainly... more Variability of soil moisture in the cultivated fields is determined by weather conditions (mainly occurrence of rainfall and its amount) as well as plants species and their growth stage. A species of cultivated plants determines a method of soil treatment and plant placement on an area. That has great weight in forming, among others surface microrelief and water properties of soil as well as course of evaporation process, and in consequence – their heterogeneity on cultivated fields complex (in mesoscale) as within a given cultivated field (in microscale). Therefore in the studies on spatial variability of soil moisture their methodology (predominantly number, but sample spatial arrangement as well) should be adjusted to both, a scale and a type of object.
The aim of the studies presented in this paper was recognition of spatial variation of soil moisture on cultivated field and selection of optimal sampling strategy. The investigations are preliminary in these concerning the spatial variability of soil physico-chemical properties as a base of precision measuring grid selection for verification of satellite research.