Shanmugam Murugesan | Directorate of Poultry Research (original) (raw)

Papers by Shanmugam Murugesan

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology

The aim of this study was to assess permeable cryoprotectants and dextran during broiler breeder ... more The aim of this study was to assess permeable cryoprotectants and dextran during broiler breeder lines semen cryopreservation in two separate experiments. Semen of PB-2 broiler breeder line was cryopreserved with 8% Ethylene Glycol (EG) or 6% dimethylformamide (DMF) in Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE). In another experiment semen of Control broiler (CB) breeder line was cryopreserved with 8% EG, 8.2% dextran 10 kDa + 9% dimethylacetamide (DMA) or 8.2% dextran 20 kDa + 9% dimethylacetamide (DMA) in Sasaki diluent (SD). Semen cryopreserved in 0.5 ml plastic straw was thawed either at 5°C for 100 sec or 37°C for 30 sec. Semen was assessed for motility, live sperm, abnormal sperm and acrosome intact sperm. Post-thaw semen was inseminated, eggs were collected and incubated for obtaining fertility and hatchability data. The cryopreserved samples had significantly (p<0.05) lower sperm motility, live sperm and acrosome intact sperm in both the breeder lines. Moderate fertility was obtained in PB-2 line with no difference between the two permeable cryoprotectants evaluated. The fertility was significantly (p <0.05) lower using 8% EG and 8.2% dextran 20 kDa + 9% DMA in CB line. Permeable cryoprotectants (8% EG or 6% DMF) produced acceptable fertility during PB-2 semen cryopreservation. The permeable cryoprotectant 8% EG or dextran in combination with DMA gave very low fertility in CB line.

Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2020

The aim of the present study was to evaluate higher temperature exposure during incubation on roo... more The aim of the present study was to evaluate higher temperature exposure during incubation on rooster semen quality at different ages. Dahlem Red breeder male chicks were obtained by hatching under normal incubation temperature (37.5°C and 65% relative humidity) and elevated incubation temperature (39.5°C and 65% relative humidity) applied for three hours during 16-18 th days of incubation. The two groups of chicks were reared till 72 weeks of age. Semen collected at 29, 39, 59 and 69 weeks of age was evaluated for different physical parameters. An artificial insemination trial was carried at 30 weeks of age. Environmental variables during the weeks of semen evaluation were used for calculation of temperature humidity index (THI). Results indicated that roosters hatched from higher incubation temperature did not produce semen of better quality compared to control roosters.

The Indian journal of animal sciences

The objective was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of organic zinc and selenium in breed... more The objective was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of organic zinc and selenium in breeder male diet on semen quality and fertility parameters. Thirty Dahlem Red males, 29 weeks old, were equally distributed into three treatment groups and supplemented with organic zinc (zinc proteinate) and organic selenium (yeast source) - group 1 (0 Zn / 0 Se), group 2 (100 mg/kg Zn / 0.15 mg/ kg Se), group 3 (100 mg/kg Zn / 0.35 mg/kg Se) for 8 weeks. Dietary supplementation of 100 mg/kg Zn / 0.35 mg/kg Se combination significantly (P < 0.05) improved the MTT dye reduction value and percent live sperm. However, the percent fertility was significantly improved in both the treatment groups supplemented with zinc and selenium. The hatchability was not affected by mineral supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation of organic zinc and selenium improved the semen quality and fertility in layer breeders.

Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of FSH and LH on oestradiol-17β and proges... more The objective of this study was to examine the effects of FSH and LH on oestradiol-17β and progesterone production by buffalo granulosa cells cultured under serum-free conditions. Granulosa cells (3 × 10(5) ) from small (≤ 5 mm diameter) follicles were cultured for up to 4 days in 48-well plates coated with 3.3 μg/cm(2) fibronectin in Dulbecco&amp;#39;s modified Eagle&amp;#39;s medium (DMEM) : nutrient mixture F-12 Ham (1 : 1 ratio) supplemented with 10(-7) m androstenedione, 5 μg/ml human apo-transferrin and 0.1% bovine serum albumin, in the presence or absence of FSH or LH (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 ng/ml each). Basal oestradiol-17β production by granulosa cells from small follicles reduced (p &amp;lt; 0.01) from days 1 to 2 of culture and became undetectable by day 3 and basal progesterone production increased (p &amp;lt; 0.05) from day 1 through day 4 of the culture. Although there was no effect of FSH on day 1 of the culture, FSH at 2, 4, 8 and 16 ng/ml increased (p &amp;lt; 0.05) oestradiol-17β production by granulosa cells from small follicles on day 2. Progesterone secretion was increased (p &amp;lt; 0.05) by all doses of FSH on all days of culture. All doses of LH had no effect on oestradiol-17β or progesterone production by granulosa cells from small follicles on any day of the culture. The results of this study demonstrate a serum-free culture system for buffalo granulosa cells and stimulatory effect of FSH but not LH on steroid hormone production by buffalo granulosa cells under these conditions.

Nicobari is an indigenous bird reared for meat and eggs. This study evaluated the effect of heat ... more Nicobari is an indigenous bird reared for meat and eggs. This study evaluated the effect of heat stress on plasma levels of leptin, growth hormone and their receptors, liver AMP kinase, plasma cholesterol and lipid peroxide (MDA). The laying period coincided with the post summer period. The birds were equally divided into three groups, control group was offered ad libitum feed and treatment groups were supplemented with fermented yeast culture at 700 mg (T1) and 1.4 g/kg (T2) of feed/day. The levels of plasma Leptin and GH hormones were higher (p < 0.05) in the control group when compared to the treatment groups. The expression of the hormone receptors was higher in the brain, and MMP3 gene expression in the magnum was lower in the treatment group. Plasma cholesterol, MDA and AMP kinase were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control group. Fermented yeast culture supplementation decreased feed intake and increased egg production parameters, which indicates a greater effic...

Heat stress has negative impact on poultry production. Leptin, ghrelin and GH hormones are known ... more Heat stress has negative impact on poultry production. Leptin, ghrelin and GH hormones are known to regulate physiological functions of chicken, but their role under heat stress/summer season is not known. The present experiment was conducted to observe the effect of high ambient temperature prevailing during summer season on hormone parameters and egg production in brown egg layers. A hundred number of 16 week old, PD-3 (Dahlem Red) line of chickens were equally allotted to two groups. After duration of eight weeks (April-May) of summer season, experiment was continued till the birds attained 32 weeks of age. The treatment group received 1.25 g of fermented yeast culture commercial product per kg feed as supplement. The feed offered to the control group was devoid of supplement. Leptin, ghrelin, GH, total protein, cholesterol, malondialdehyde and free fatty acids were analysed in blood plasma. Fortnightly body weight and feed intake of the birds were recorded. Egg production and eg...

The Indian Veterinary Journal, 2011

British Poultry Science, 2015

1. The objectives of the study were to detect polymorphism in the coding region of the IGF1 gene,... more 1. The objectives of the study were to detect polymorphism in the coding region of the IGF1 gene, explore the expression profile and estimate association with growth traits in indigenous and exotic chickens. 2. A total of 12 haplotypes were found in Cornish, control layer and Aseel breeds of chicken in which the h1 haplotype was most frequent. 3. Nucleotide substitutions among haplotypes were found at 21 positions in the IGF1 gene in which 4 substitutions resulted in non-synonymous mutations in the receptor binding domain of the IGF1 protein. 4. The haplogroup showed a significant effect on body weight at 24 and 42 d of age in the control layer line, body weight at 42 d and daily weight gain between 29 and 42 d in the control broiler line, daily weight gain between 29 and 42 d in Cornish, and body weights at 42 d as well as daily weight gain between 29 and 42 d in Aseel birds. 5. IGF1 expression varied among the breeds during embryonic and post-hatch periods. The expression among the haplogroups varied in different chicken tissues. The effect of haplogroup on myofibre number in pectoral muscle was non-significant, although there was significant variation in numbers between d 1 and d 42, and between broiler and layer lines. 6. It was concluded that the coding region of the IGF1 gene was polymorphic, expressed differentially during the pre-hatch and post-hatch periods, and haplogroups showed significant association with growth traits in chicken.

The Indian veterinary journal

The present study was carried out to record the status of different blood and serum biochemical p... more The present study was carried out to record the status of different blood and serum biochemical parameters of White Leghorn chicken at high ambient temperature. A total of 18 birds (9 birds of each sex) of 20 weeks age were used in the study. The heterophil: lymphocyte (H:L) ratio indicated that the birds were experiencing heat stress due to high ambient temperature. Significant difference was observed between the sexes in haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, heterophils, H:L ratio, calcium and lipid peroxidation levels. Results of this study revealed that high ambient temperature induces stress that affects the sexes differently in chicken as evident from their blood profile.

The experiment was conducted to study the egg production potential and persistency of egg product... more The experiment was conducted to study the egg production potential and persistency of egg production up to 44 weeks of age, egg weight, egg mass, biochemical parameters and egg quality traits in Aseel and Kadaknath breeds. Higher persistency of production was observed at 40 weeks of age in Aseel (50.81%) and at 44 weeks of age in Kadaknath (54.35%). Persistency of production in Aseel was relatively higher during initial stage of production (28–36 weeks) while it was higher in Kadaknath during later stage (40–44 weeks). Over all, higher 44 weeks egg production was observed in Kadaknath than in Aseel. Egg weight was significantly higher in Aseel as compared to Kadaknath. Egg mass recorded from 28 to 40 weeks of age was also higher in Aseel than in Kadaknath. Serum cholesterol levels at 20 and 32 weeks of age were significantly higher in Kadaknath as compared to Aseel while serum protein level (20 weeks) was significantly higher in Kadaknath. No significant difference was observed in a...

Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2020

The present study evaluated the effects of cryoprotectants, semen diluents and thawing temperatur... more The present study evaluated the effects of cryoprotectants, semen diluents and
thawing temperature during Ghagus chicken semen cryopreservation. Four different
experiments were conducted; Experiment 1—semen was cryopreserved using
6% dimethylacetamide (DMA) and 2% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in Sasaki diluent
(SD) and Lake and Ravie diluent (LR), Experiment 2 and 3—semen was cryopreserved
using 8% ethylene glycol (EG) in SD, LRD and Red Fowl Extender (RFE), Experiment
4—semen was cryopreserved using 6% dimethylformamide (DMF) in SD, LR and
Beltsville poultry semen extender (BPSE). Semen was cryopreserved in 0.5 ml French
straws. Thawing was done at 5°C for 100 s in ice water in Experiments 1, 2 and 4,
whereas in Experiment 3 thawing was done at 37°C for 30 s. The post-thaw sperm
motility, viable sperm and acrosome-intact sperm were significantly (p < .05) lower
in cryopreserved samples in all the experiments. No fertile eggs were obtained from
cryopreserved samples in Experiments 1 and 2, except for 8% EG RFE treatment
where the fertility was 0.83%. In Experiments 3 and 4, highest fertility was obtained
in LR treatment 48.12 and 30.89%, respectively. In conclusion, using cryoprotectant
EG (8%) and thawing at 37°C for 30 s, and DMF(6%) resulted in acceptable level of
fertility in Ghagus chicken. Though the diluents influenced post-thaw in vitro semen
parameters, the fertility was not affected. In addition, results indicated that thawing
temperature may be a critical stage in the cryopreservation protocol.

Shanmugam, M., Prakash, B. and Panda, A.K. 2020. Effect of dietary organic zinc and chromium supp... more Shanmugam, M., Prakash, B. and Panda, A.K. 2020. Effect of dietary organic zinc and chromium supplementation on semen quality in layer breeders. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 55(2): 133-138. Study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of supplementing organic zinc and chromium (Cr) on semen quality in layer breeders. Forty Dahlem Red roosters of 22 weeks age were distributed into four groups and diet was supplemented with organic Cr at graded levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 mg/kg) for twelve weeks duration. Semen collected at 4 th and 8 th week of experiment was analysed for different gross parameters and seminal plasma lipid peroxidation. A four week fertility trial was conducted with fixed dose semen insemination (100 million sperm in 0.1ml) every week. In another experiment, thirty two adult Dahlem Red roosters divided into four groups were supplemented with organic zinc (0, 40, 70 and 100 mg/kg diet) for eight weeks. Semen was collected and evaluated for different gross parameters, superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation at 4 th and 8 th week of experiment. Sperm was evaluated for nuclear maturity at eighth week of experiment. Roosters supplemented with organic zinc 100 mg/kg diet produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher MTT formazan indicating higher metabolic activity of sperm. Zinc supplementation had no effect on any other parameters studied. Significant difference (P < 0.05) between weeks of experiment in appearance, live and abnormal sperm was observed. Supplemental Cr did not affect semen parameters, fertility or hatchability. In conclusion, organic Cr supplementation did not improve semen quality, fertility and hatchability in layer breeders and supplementation of organic zinc at 100 mg/kg improved sperm metabolic activity.

Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2020

Shanmugam, M. and Kannaki, T.R. 2020. Effect of semen parameters on duration of fertility in laye... more Shanmugam, M. and Kannaki, T.R. 2020. Effect of semen parameters on duration of fertility in layer breeder chicken. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 55(1): 51-53. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of semen parameters on duration of fertility. Eleven birds from White Leghorn and PD3 lines (29 weeks age) were randomly selected for semen collection by abdominal massage. Semen samples were evaluated for different gross semen parameters. Seminal plasma was separated and evaluated for lipid peroxidation and progesterone level. White Leghorn males had significantly (P<0.05) higher sperm concentration, MTT dye reduction activity and membrane integrity (hypo-osmotic swelling test). The semen volume and abnormal sperm were significantly (P<0.05) higher in PD3 line. There were no significant differences in seminal plasma lipid peroxidation and progesterone levels. At 30 th week an artificial insemination (AI) trial was conducted using fixed dose of sperm (100 millions) in 0.1ml of semen for studying duration of fertility. Semen from each line was pooled and inseminated into 20 hens of respective lines. No difference in duration of fertility was observed between the two lines. The results of this study indicated that though there were differences in semen quality between the lines it did not influence the duration of fertility. INTRODUCTION Semen quality is affected by many factors like heredity, feed nutrients and semen collection techniques. Semen evaluation is essential before artificial insemination and semen quality is an important factor affecting fertility. Among different physical semen characters motility, live sperm and morphology fairly reflects fertility outcome but predicting fertility only with these parameters is very difficult. For example, it has been shown that plasmalemma associated glycoproteins removed sperm had normal motility but failed to reach the sperm storage tubules (SST) (Wishart and Steele, 1990). In poultry sperm are stored in uterovaginal SST, periodically released and fertilization takes place. It is still unclear that how sperm are selected, stored and periodically released from the SST. Sperm having normal membrane integrity swell in a hypo-osmotic environment (Jeyendran et al., 1984). There is scanty information available on effect of certain semen parameters like metabolic activity, membrane integrity and sperm morphology on duration of fertility in chicken. Thus, present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different semen parameters on duration of fertility in layer chicken.

Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2020

Shanmugam, M., Vinoth, A., Rajaravindra, K.S. and Rajkumar, U. 2020. Semen quality and reproducti... more Shanmugam, M., Vinoth, A., Rajaravindra, K.S. and Rajkumar, U. 2020. Semen quality and reproductive ability of in ovo thermal manipulated roosters at different ages. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 55(1): 43-45. The aim of the present study was to evaluate higher temperature exposure during incubation on rooster semen quality at different ages. Dahlem Red breeder male chicks were obtained by hatching under normal incubation temperature (37.5°C and 65% relative humidity) and elevated incubation temperature (39.5°C and 65% relative humidity) applied for three hours during 16-18 th days of incubation. The two groups of chicks were reared till 72 weeks of age. Semen collected at 29, 39, 59 and 69 weeks of age was evaluated for different physical parameters. An artificial insemination trial was carried at 30 weeks of age. Environmental variables during the weeks of semen evaluation were used for calculation of temperature humidity index (THI). Results indicated that roosters hatched from higher incubation temperature did not produce semen of better quality compared to control roosters.

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 2019

The present study evaluated the effect of cryoprotectants, semen diluents and chicken lines durin... more The present study evaluated the effect of cryoprotectants, semen diluents and chicken lines during pellet method of semen cryopreservation. Three different experiments were conducted; Experiment 1-semen was cryopreserved using dimethylformamide (DMF) at 6% and 9% concentrations in two semen diluents (Lake and Ravie diluent and TES/NaCl diluent), Experiment 2-semen was cryopreserved using dimethylacetamide (DMA) at 6% and 9% with or without sucrose (100mM), Experiment 3-semen from two chicken lines (PD1 and PD6) was cryopreserved using DMA (6% and 9%). Semen was evaluated pre and post cryopreservation for progressive motility, live and abnormal sperm. Semen pellets were stored in cryovials for at least seven days before examination and insemination. Thawed semen was inseminated intravaginaly to study fertility. All the parameters studied were significantly lower (p<0.05) in cryopreserved semen. DMF in Lake and Ravie diluent gave very low fertility and TES/NaCl diluent no fertile eggs. DMA as cryoprotectant gave fertility up to 9.22 %. Addition of sucrose along with DMA produced fertility similar to other cryopreservation treatment groups. No difference in in vitro semen parameters between chicken lines was observed. There is difference in cryopreservation outcome due to semen diluent and type of cryoprotectant. HIGHLIGHTS  Cryoprotectants, diluents and chicken lines effect in semen vitrification evaluated  Dimethylformamide gave low fertility in Lake and Ravie diluent and no fertility in TES diluent  Dimethylacetmide gave fertility up to 9.22 % and along with sucrose produced similar fertility  Post thaw in vitro semen parameters similar between chicken lines

Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 2019

The effect of supplementing L-glycine and L-carnitine in cryopreservation mixture on post-thaw se... more The effect of supplementing L-glycine and L-carnitine in cryopreservation mixture on post-thaw semen and fertility parameters was studied. Semen from adult PD6 line roosters was collected, pooled and used. The samples after equilibration at 5°C for 30 minutes were mixed with the diluent with the final concentration of supplements L-glycine of 5 or 15 mM and L-carnitine of 1mM along with a cryoprotectant (4 % dimethylsulfoxide; DMSO), and the semen was cryopreserved in 0.5 ml French straws. Different in vitro semen quality parameters, fertility and hatchability were assessed in post-thaw samples. Post-thaw sperm motility, live sperm, MTT dye reduction test and seminal plasma lipid peroxidation were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the cryoprotectant only (4 % DMSO) as well as in the L-glycine-and L-carnitine-supplemented treatments. Fertility was significantly (P < 0.05) lower the L-glycine-and L-carnitine-supplemented treatments compared to fresh semen, however, hatchability on fertile egg set was similar in all the treatments. The post-thaw semen parameters, fertility and hatchability in L-glycine-and L-carnitine-supplemented treatments were similar to that of the cryoprotectant only treatment. In conclusion, L-glycine and L-carnitine supplementation did not improve post-thaw semen parameters or fertility and hatchability. Thus, inclusion of these compounds in the chicken semen cryopreservation mixture may not provide advantage during the cryopreservation process.

Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2018

Three different cryoprotectants were evaluated for Nicobari chicken semen cryopreservation. Semen... more Three different cryoprotectants were evaluated for Nicobari chicken semen cryopreservation. Semen mixed with any one of the
cryoprotectants, 12% methylacetamide (MA), 9% dimethylacetamide (DMA) or 4% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was cryopreserved
in 0.5ml French straws by exposing to nitrogen vapours for 30 min followed by plunging into liquid nitrogen. The semen straws were
thawed at 5°C for 100 sec in ice water for in vitro evaluation and insemination. Post-thaw semen samples were assessed for different in
vitro semen parameters and fertility. Post-thaw sperm motility, live sperm, MTT dye reduction test and fertility were significantly
(P<0.05) lower in cryopreservation treatments. The abnormal sperm percent was significantly (P<0.05) higher in all cryopreservation
treatments. The seminal plasma lipid peroxidation was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 9% DMA and 4% DMSO treatments. No fertile
egg was obtained in 12% MA and 9% DMA treatments. In conclusion, the three cryoprotectants at the tested concentrations are not
useful for cryopreserving Nicobari chicken semen.

Shanmugam, M., Vinoth, A., Rajaravindra, K.S. and Rajkumar, U. 2016. Effect of in ovo thermal man... more Shanmugam, M., Vinoth, A., Rajaravindra, K.S. and Rajkumar, U. 2016. Effect of in ovo thermal manipulation on rooster semen quality during hot climatic condition. 51(3): 350-351. Thermal manipulation during embryogenesis improves adaptation to heat stress in adult chicken. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of higher temperature during incubation on rooster semen quality during hot climatic condition. Male chicks hatched from normal incubation temperature (37.5°C and 65% relative humidity; Control-C) and higher incubation temperature (39.5°C and 65% relative humidity; heat exposed-HE) provided between 16-18 th day of incubation for 3 hours each day were reared and evaluated for semen quality during high ambient temperature (Temperature Humidity Index (THI)-80.94). At 64 weeks of age semen from eight roosters from each group was collected and evaluated for different gross semen parameters, hypo-osmotic swelling test, sperm chromatin damage and seminal plasma cortisol. The results showed no significant difference between the groups in any of the parameters studied except for abnormal sperm that were lower in the HE birds. It was concluded that higher temperature during incubation reduced abnormal sperm percent during heat stress. However further research on duration and time of heat treatment during incubation is needed to bring overall improvement in rooster semen quality during heat stress.

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology

Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2020

The Indian journal of animal sciences

Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2009

The Indian Veterinary Journal, 2011

British Poultry Science, 2015

The Indian veterinary journal

Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2020

Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2020

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 2019

Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 2019

Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2018

Chicken has been selected for higher production performance over the years and are highly sensiti... more Chicken has been selected for higher production performance over the years and are highly sensitive to changes in their environment. The average global temperature has increased over the century and is further expected to rise. In open house rearing system chicken is vulnerable to this increasing environmental temperature and may experience thermal stress. Heat shock proteins (HSP) are highly conserved family of proteins playing important role in normal cellular physiology and cytoprotection against different stressors including heat stress. In chicken levels of different members of HSP family are increased in almost all the tissues in response to heat stress. This increased HSP level protects cellular proteins from heat stress induced damage. Efforts to overcome the heat stress conditions in chicken have lead to development of thermal manipulation protocols whereby epigenetic modifications are introduced. Through epigenetic adaptation the birds acquire protection against the adverse effects of heat stress. This chapter discusses the findings on cellular HSP responses to heat stress and the thermal manipulation strategy to overcome heat stress in chicken.