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Papers by Kenneth R Still

Environmental Pollution, 2014

Risk assessment of abandoned e-waste recycling areas received little attention. Herein, we report... more Risk assessment of abandoned e-waste recycling areas received little attention. Herein, we report the concentrations of 16 PCBs and 7 heavy metals in soils near an abandoned e-waste recycling plant in Taizhou, China. Our data showed that levels of tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-PCBs were 9.01, 5.56, 12.93, 3.13 mg/kg, and Pb, Cd, Cu were 6082.9, 42.3, 2364.2 mg/kg soil. Cd was the most prevalent contaminant with Nemerow index value of 44.3. Contaminants have been transported from the abandoned site to nearby areas. The ecology risk assessment based on the high toxicological effect in Chinese hamster ovary cells and earthworms showed that both PCBs and heavy metal residue pose high risk to the ecosystem. Hazard quotient showed that Pb, Cd, Hg and Cu pose high health risks for adults and children. Our results recommended a full examination of the risk and regulatory compliance of abandoned e-waste recycling areas in the future.

Elsevier eBooks, 2009

Publisher Summary Terminology regarding biotoxins is extremely important. A toxin is a toxic agen... more Publisher Summary Terminology regarding biotoxins is extremely important. A toxin is a toxic agent that is derived from living organisms. Toxins may also be referred to as biotoxins, even though this is, in a sense, redundant. Toxin and biotoxin may thus legitimately be used interchangeably. Such substances need to be differentiated from the broader term, poison, or toxic agent, or toxicant, which can be either a toxin or a chemical not produced from living organisms. A poison, toxic agent, or toxicant is generally any material capable of producing a harmful reaction or effect in a biological system. Thus, although all the above terms are often used as if they had the same meaning, readers should be aware of these subtle distinctions. The term toxinology is generally applied to the study of toxins. Toxinology should not be confused with toxicology, which is the study of adverse effects caused by any chemical (or, indeed radiation) on living systems. The differentiating feature of these two scientific branches of knowledge lies in whether reference is made to chemicals produced only by living organisms that produce adverse effects (biotoxins) or a broader array of perpetrating agents.

Abstract : The mission of NHRC/Detachment (Toxicology), herein referred to as TOXDET, is to (1) d... more Abstract : The mission of NHRC/Detachment (Toxicology), herein referred to as TOXDET, is to (1) develop the biochemical data necessary to characterize the toxicity of materials of interest to the Navy; (2) use these data to formulate occupational and environmental health-hazard evaluations and risk assessments, including appropriate personnel exposure limits, which addresses Navy specific circumstances of exposure; and (3) develop and maintain a cadre of naval personnel skilled in the discipline of toxicology and its application to health-hazard evaluation and risk assessment.

Applied Industrial Hygiene, Feb 1, 1989

Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2002

The risk assessment process is a critical function for military Deployment Toxicology research ob... more The risk assessment process is a critical function for military Deployment Toxicology research objectives, emphasizing improved health protection of deployed forces. Reliable risk assessment methodology is essential for decision making related to risk reduction procedures during combat deployment, as well as during routine occupational activities. Such decision making must be based upon quality science that both guides sound judgments in risk characterization and management, and provides necessary health protection tools. The health and fitness of deployed forces must be considered for both acute and long-term issues. Exposure assessment specifies populations that might be exposed to injurious agents, identifies routes of exposure, and estimates the magnitude, duration, and timing of the doses that personnel may receive as a result of their exposure. Acute or short-term catastrophic risks for deployed forces are of immediate concern and must be addressed on a risk prioritization basis using Operational Risk Management (ORM) procedures. However, long-term effects of exposure to the same agents must be considered as part of the overall health concerns for deployed forces. In response to these needs, a number of military, federal government, academic and private sector organizations are currently developing new classes of biologically-based biosensors with the programmed capacity to detect the presence of virtually any environmental chemical or biological stressor with the capacity to induce health consequences in deployed personnel. A major objective of this engineering effort is development of biosensor systems that detect novel (previously unresearched) chemical or biological agents that might be used during international combat or terrorist attacks to induce acute or long-term health effects on military or civilian populations. A large portion of the discussion in this paper is devoted to describing the development, testing, and implementation of tissue-based biosensors (TBBs) that utilize small samples of living tissue from laboratory small animals for a wide range of human risk assessment applications.

Environmental Pollution, 2014

Risk assessment of abandoned e-waste recycling areas received little attention. Herein, we report... more Risk assessment of abandoned e-waste recycling areas received little attention. Herein, we report the concentrations of 16 PCBs and 7 heavy metals in soils near an abandoned e-waste recycling plant in Taizhou, China. Our data showed that levels of tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-PCBs were 9.01, 5.56, 12.93, 3.13 mg/kg, and Pb, Cd, Cu were 6082.9, 42.3, 2364.2 mg/kg soil. Cd was the most prevalent contaminant with Nemerow index value of 44.3. Contaminants have been transported from the abandoned site to nearby areas. The ecology risk assessment based on the high toxicological effect in Chinese hamster ovary cells and earthworms showed that both PCBs and heavy metal residue pose high risk to the ecosystem. Hazard quotient showed that Pb, Cd, Hg and Cu pose high health risks for adults and children. Our results recommended a full examination of the risk and regulatory compliance of abandoned e-waste recycling areas in the future.

Elsevier eBooks, 2009

Publisher Summary Terminology regarding biotoxins is extremely important. A toxin is a toxic agen... more Publisher Summary Terminology regarding biotoxins is extremely important. A toxin is a toxic agent that is derived from living organisms. Toxins may also be referred to as biotoxins, even though this is, in a sense, redundant. Toxin and biotoxin may thus legitimately be used interchangeably. Such substances need to be differentiated from the broader term, poison, or toxic agent, or toxicant, which can be either a toxin or a chemical not produced from living organisms. A poison, toxic agent, or toxicant is generally any material capable of producing a harmful reaction or effect in a biological system. Thus, although all the above terms are often used as if they had the same meaning, readers should be aware of these subtle distinctions. The term toxinology is generally applied to the study of toxins. Toxinology should not be confused with toxicology, which is the study of adverse effects caused by any chemical (or, indeed radiation) on living systems. The differentiating feature of these two scientific branches of knowledge lies in whether reference is made to chemicals produced only by living organisms that produce adverse effects (biotoxins) or a broader array of perpetrating agents.

Abstract : The mission of NHRC/Detachment (Toxicology), herein referred to as TOXDET, is to (1) d... more Abstract : The mission of NHRC/Detachment (Toxicology), herein referred to as TOXDET, is to (1) develop the biochemical data necessary to characterize the toxicity of materials of interest to the Navy; (2) use these data to formulate occupational and environmental health-hazard evaluations and risk assessments, including appropriate personnel exposure limits, which addresses Navy specific circumstances of exposure; and (3) develop and maintain a cadre of naval personnel skilled in the discipline of toxicology and its application to health-hazard evaluation and risk assessment.

Applied Industrial Hygiene, Feb 1, 1989

Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2002

The risk assessment process is a critical function for military Deployment Toxicology research ob... more The risk assessment process is a critical function for military Deployment Toxicology research objectives, emphasizing improved health protection of deployed forces. Reliable risk assessment methodology is essential for decision making related to risk reduction procedures during combat deployment, as well as during routine occupational activities. Such decision making must be based upon quality science that both guides sound judgments in risk characterization and management, and provides necessary health protection tools. The health and fitness of deployed forces must be considered for both acute and long-term issues. Exposure assessment specifies populations that might be exposed to injurious agents, identifies routes of exposure, and estimates the magnitude, duration, and timing of the doses that personnel may receive as a result of their exposure. Acute or short-term catastrophic risks for deployed forces are of immediate concern and must be addressed on a risk prioritization basis using Operational Risk Management (ORM) procedures. However, long-term effects of exposure to the same agents must be considered as part of the overall health concerns for deployed forces. In response to these needs, a number of military, federal government, academic and private sector organizations are currently developing new classes of biologically-based biosensors with the programmed capacity to detect the presence of virtually any environmental chemical or biological stressor with the capacity to induce health consequences in deployed personnel. A major objective of this engineering effort is development of biosensor systems that detect novel (previously unresearched) chemical or biological agents that might be used during international combat or terrorist attacks to induce acute or long-term health effects on military or civilian populations. A large portion of the discussion in this paper is devoted to describing the development, testing, and implementation of tissue-based biosensors (TBBs) that utilize small samples of living tissue from laboratory small animals for a wide range of human risk assessment applications.