RAVINDRAN J | Royal College Of Medicine Perak (original) (raw)
My Publications by RAVINDRAN J
Elsevier, 2018
INTRODUCTION Phenolic and polyphenolic substances are secreted by plants as secondary metabolites... more INTRODUCTION
Phenolic and polyphenolic substances are secreted by plants as secondary
metabolites which are necessary for their growth and physiology. Most of
the polyphenols are produced by phenyl propanoid pathways that are liable
for the biosynthesis of various polyphenolic compounds with structural diversity [1]. Current studies on phenolic and polyphenolic compounds are
gaining attention because of their potent effects and the presence of most
abundant phytochemicals in human diets. Thus, the presence of these phytochemicals
validates their beneficial effects on human health which might pave
the way for betterment in drug discovery
Springer, 2018
Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the wor... more Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related
deaths in the world. Although colon cancer is often treated successfully with the
surgery, it requires an aggressive systemic therapy to completely cure. Several past
studies have suggested the combined use of chemo- or radiotherapy with herbal
medicines to enhance the efficacy and diminish the side effects caused by these
therapies. In this regard, some herbal compounds such as vinca alkaloids, turmeric,
astragalus, ginseng, and ginger have been well studied for their anti-colorectal cancer
activities. The identification of active herbal compounds emphasizes on the
development of an effective anticancer medicine, which remains as an essential step
in the advanced cancer treatments. Many preclinical and clinical studies have proved
that herbal medicines are safe, exhibit higher tumour suppressive activity, improve
immune system, and increase sensitivity of chemo- and radiotherapeutics. The
herbs are more promising as they prevent the invasion and proliferation of tumour
by arresting cellular functions. Due to abundance, low cost, and safety in consumption,
herbs remain with a tremendous potential to investigate as a combined formulation
of chemotherapy to enable tumour growth suppression with less toxic side
Elsevier, 2019
Fucoidan is a marine sulfated polysaccharide, which is extracted from brown seaweed that has a wi... more Fucoidan is a marine sulfated polysaccharide, which is extracted from brown seaweed that has a wide range of bioactivities including anti-cancer properties. However, the underlying mechanism of fucoidan on its anti-cancer and apoptotic activity against colon cancer cell line Caco-2 remains to be elucidated. Hence, the present study evaluated the cytotoxicity, apoptotic and anti-cancer activity of fucoidan extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum cinereum against Caco-2 cell line. Cytotoxicity, morphological examination of nuclei, mitochon-drial membrane potential, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and detection of apop-totic efficacy of fucoidan were assessed by different assay protocols. Fucoidan inhibited growth of Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. IC 50 concentration of fucoidan was found to be 250 μg/ml. AO/EB, Hoechst and Annexin V/PI staining confirmed the apoptosis induced by fucoidan in Caco-2 cells. Fucoidan was also found to increase ROS production and augment mitochondrial membrane permeability. The findings of the study suggest that fucoidan exerts potent anti-cancer and apoptotic effect on Caco-2 cells by enhancing ROS production. Thus, fucoidan may be used as a promising therapeutic regimen against various cancer cell types.
MJPHM, 2019
The main objective is to create awareness and to assess the socio-demographic factors and BMI amo... more The main objective is to create awareness and to assess the socio-demographic factors and BMI among pre-clinical students of UniKL RCMP towards overweight and obesity and to determine the correlation between the knowledge, attitude, and practice. A cross-sectional research was conducted among students using questionnaire. All the questions in the questionnaire were then computed as the variables of the study. Respondents of year 2 score moderately in which male tends to score higher (n=30) than female (n=27) towards awareness of overweight and obesity. Besides, generally respondents with high household income (>RM9000) scored more awareness towards overweight and obesity. Furthermore, when taking hometown setting as a factor, respondent who lives in urban site tend to score higher (n=28) than the other two regions. In year 1 students, the data showed that female had a better knowledge, attitude and practice than male based on gender. Medium income (RM4000-9000) respondent have a better awareness than high and low income. Lastly, respondent who lives in urban site have a better awareness towards overweight and obesity compared to two other regions. In conclusion to the study conducted, it is found that females have more awareness when compared with males towards overweight and obesity. The suburban people have higher score in practice to overcome overweight and obesity but lower understanding than other regions. Thus, there is no significant correlation between gender, household income and region on awareness towards overweight and obesity. However, there were noticeable differences among the three individual variables.
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2018
Purpose: To assess the antiviral efficiency of β-D-glucan (BDG) on human liver cell line (WRL68) ... more Purpose: To assess the antiviral efficiency of β-D-glucan (BDG) on human liver cell line (WRL68) infected with dengue virus (DENV). Methods: Cytotoxic activity was assessed via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Solid-phase virus binding assay was used to determine the presence of a chemical affinity between dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) and BDG. Plaque formation assay was performed to measure the suppression of DENV-2. Results: Plaque formation assay results revealed that the inhibition of DENV infection by BDG was effective at 400 μg/mL which occurred by inhibiting virus replication. BDG inhibited DENV replication and produced minimal toxicity on WRL68 cells at 600 µg/mL in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of DENV-2 with the highest concentration of the BDG resulted in 60, 55, and 50 % viability at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Plaque formation and binding efficiency data confirmed that BDG protected the WRL68 cells against DENV-2. Conclusion: The results indicate that in infected cells, β-D-glucan was found to be potent in inhibiting replication of the dengue virus.
Hindawi, 2018
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is classically defined by its vascular lesions and damage in the neuron... more Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is classically defined by its vascular lesions and damage in the neurons of the retina. The cellular and clinical elements of DR have many features of chronic inflammation. Understanding the individual cell-specific inflammatory changes in the retina may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to prevent vision loss. The systematic use of available pharmacotherapy has been reported as a useful adjunct tool to laser photocoagulation, a gold standard therapy for DR. Direct injections or intravitreal anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis agents are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). However, their effectiveness is short term, and the delivery system is often associated with adverse effects, such as cataract and increased intraocular pressure. Further, systemic agents (particularly hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antihypertensive agents) and plants-based drugs have also provided promising treatment in the progression of DR. Recently, advancements in pluripotent stem cells technology enable restoration of retinal functionalities after transplantation of these cells into animals with retinal degeneration. This review paper summarizes the developments in the current and potential pharmacotherapy and therapeutic technology of DR. Literature search was done on online databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, clinitrials.gov, and browsing through individual ophthalmology journals and leading pharmaceutical company websites.
Elsevier, 2018
Key Messages • Apart from adipocytokines being energy storage sites, they significantly control t... more Key Messages • Apart from adipocytokines being energy storage sites, they significantly control the metabolic pathway regulated by the nutritional status of the cells. • Upregulation of adipocytokines like resistin, vaspin, apelin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces insulin resistance linked with obesity and type 2 diabetes. • The emerging role of adipocytokines in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity that help model therapeutic interventions thereby reducing vascular diseases.: adipocytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) leptin obesity type 2 diabetes tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) a b s t r a c t Adipose tissue is an enormously active endocrine organ, secreting various hormones, such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin, together with classical cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). All these adipocytokines play significant roles in the regulation of energy metabolism , glucose and lipid metabolism, reproduction, cardiovascular function and immunity. Adipocytokines are significantly regulated by nutritional status and can directly influence other organ systems, including brain, liver and skeletal muscle. Adiponectin plays a key role as an anti-inflammatory hormone. Upregulated expression of resistin, vaspin, apelin and TNF-α plays a significant role in induction of insulin resistance linked with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin, the circulating peptide, has been found to stimulate appetite and regulate energy balance. Thus, it can be considered 1 of the candidate genes for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Omentin is a novel adipokine produced by visceral adipose tissue. Circulating levels of omentin are decreased in insulin-resistant states, for example, in obesity and diabetes. IL-6 plays a vital role in regulating the accumulation of lipids intramyocardially. Based on the biologic relevance of these adipocytokines, they can no longer be considered as energy storage sites alone but must also be considered in metabolic control. Hence, the present review summarizes the regulatory roles of adipocytokines in diabetes linked with obesity.
Protease, a digestive enzyme found in various plant and animal sources has wide array of industri... more Protease, a digestive enzyme found in various plant and animal sources has wide array of industrial application for its ability to hydrolyze complex protein molecules. Microorganisms also secrete such protease enzymes which are also used in industrial sector considering their economical value. Here we evaluated the ability of bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in producing protease and identified that both the bacterial isolates exhibited significant protease activity. Hence, considering their free living nature in the environment and ease of maintenance, these organisms can serve as an effective substitute for the conventional protease producing microorganisms for their use in industrial applications.
The present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity against HCT-... more The present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity against HCT-15 of fucoidan from Sargassum cinereum. Purification of fucoidan was done by DEAE cellulose and dialysis. Physicochemical characterization of fucoidan was analysed by calorimetric assay, FT-IR, HPLC and NMR. The extracted fucoidan contains 65.753% of fucose and 3.7 ± 1.54% of sulphate respectively. HPLC results showed that the fucoidan contains the monosaccharide composition such as fucose, galactose, mannose and xylose. Antioxidant effect of fucoidan in Sargassum Cinereum was determined by DPPH. The maximum DPPH activity was found at the concentration of 100 g, where as the crude extract showed the scavenging activity was 63.58 ± 0.56%. Cytotoxicity effect was done by MTT assay. Fucoidan extract caused about 50% of cell death after 24 h of incubation with 75 ± 0.9037 g/ml against HCT-15.
Leather is a natural product which gets decomposed overtime, by the airborne bacterial or fungal ... more Leather is a natural product which gets decomposed overtime, by the airborne bacterial or fungal spores present everywhere. These microorganisms quickly colonize and cause increased biodeterioration of leather. The aim of the present study is to isolate, standardize and investigate the antifungal efficacy of fungicide cumine phenol on various fungal species of vegetable tanned leather.Various application studies were also performed to study the effect of fungicide on infected leather. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and are the three isolated fungal species which were used for the present study. Physical properties of the leather were also tested in all the three isolated fungal species.Antifungal susceptibility and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of cumine phenol against Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum was found to be 40 μl and against Aspergillus flavus was found to be 80 μl. Application study conducted showed that 0.05% of cumine phenol is sufficient to control the growth of isolated fungal species on leather. The studies on physical properties showed moderate leather biodeterioration on fungal attack.The results obtained from the present study showed that cumine phenol can be use as an effective fungicide in protection against fungal attack of all three isolated species.
Background: Biocontrol is process by which naturally occurring microorganisms inhibits or suppres... more Background: Biocontrol is process by which naturally occurring microorganisms inhibits or suppress the growth of many pathogens which affects plant growth. Biocontrol activities of these microbes reduce the use of chemical fertilizers which harms the environ
Raw hide is the most susceptible substrate for the attack of microorganisms. The microbial attack... more Raw hide is the most susceptible substrate for the attack of microorganisms. The microbial attack is high in the vegetable tanned leather than the chrome tanned leather. The present study is designed to isolate, standardize, study and to perform application studies on the antifungal efficacy of PCMC on the isolated fungal species from vegetable tanned leather. The three isolated fungal species such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton rubrum were presently used for the study. Antifungal susceptibility and physical characteristics of leather was tested and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PCMC against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus was found to be 80 µl, whereas against Trichophyton rubrum was found to be 40 µl. Application study conducted showed that 0.1% of PCMC is sufficient to control the growth of isolated fungal species on leather. The physical properties of leather showed moderate deterioration on fungal attack. All these studies were performed indicate that PCMC was found to be effective in protecting leather against attack by all these three isolated species.
In the present study aqueous, ethanolic and methonolic extract of Azima tetracantha were investig... more In the present study aqueous, ethanolic and methonolic extract of Azima tetracantha were investigated for antimicrobial activity. The microorganisms employed were Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. sp. The susceptibility of bacteria strains against the three extracts was determined using the well diffusion method. The most susceptible micro organisms was Staphylococcus aureus while the least susceptible was Klebsiella sp. Highest antibacterial activity was observed with water extract of Azima tetracantha against S. aureus while minimum activity was observed with extract of Azima tetracantha against Klebsiella sp. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, Phenol, valotile oil, steroid, tannin and saponin.
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal disorder leading to massive proliferation of hematopoi... more Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal disorder leading to massive proliferation of hematopoietic cells. It is characterized by the BCR–ABL gene, resulting in production of a 210-kD chimeric tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in its etiopathogenesis. There is an increasing interest in identifying potent preventive and therapeutic agents for leukemia. Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract (SA) has antileukemic activity in murine BCR–ABL + leukemia in vivo. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of SA by assessing its antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in the BCR–ABL + 12B1 murine leukemic cell line.Cell viability and apoptosis assay using MTT analysis, propidium iodide staining, DNA fragmentation, intracellular reactive oxygen species/calcium, mitochondrial membrane potential, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were determined in 12B1 cells.Cell viability of SA-treated 12B1 cells was dose and time dependent. SA-induced cell death was considered to be apoptotic by observing the typical apoptotic morphological changes seen on propidium iodide staining and DNA ladder formation on electrophoresis. A reduction in the BCR–ABL + mRNA levels, induced by SA, was observed by RT-PCR. This may have been the result of a reduction in the transcription of the BCR–ABL fusion gene, with concomitant activation of apoptosis. SA induced a rapid increase in intracellular Ca 2+ ions, which led to increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Concomitantly, we observed a significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol in 12B1 cells. These effects of SA are accompanied by downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, and activation of the caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes.These results provide unprecedented evidence that SA triggers mitochondrial receptor pathways to induce apoptotic signals in 12B1 cells. This study highlights the beneficial effect of SA in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and thereby revealing a possible mechanism of therapeutic action in vivo.
Tridham (TD) is a combinational Siddha herbal drug consisting of three plant ingredients includin... more Tridham (TD) is a combinational Siddha herbal drug consisting of three plant ingredients including seed coats of Terminalia chebula (family: Combretaceae) fruits of Eleocarpus ganitrus (family: Elaeocarpaceae) and leaves of Prosopis cineraria (family: Leguminosae). TD is used by Siddha practitioners, however, its active constituents have not been scientifically explored. The present study different TD crude extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using non polar to polar solvents. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were assayed. The redox potential of crude TD and its individual components were analyzed by Differential pulse voltammeter (DPV). The cytotoxic effect of TD on HepG2 cell line was evaluated. The inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of TD was found to be 80µg at the treatment period of 48 hour. DNA fragmentation analysis using agarose gel electrophoresis showed cytotoxic effects in TD treated groups. An active component was isolated from TD using column chromatography and identified by various spectroscopic and microscopy techniques. TD aqueous extract was found to exhibit high amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents. DPV showed that TD tends to contains easily oxidizable polyphenols compared to standard and individual ingredients. Systematic in vitro studies show that TD extract has growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects on Hep G2 cell lines. The single crystal X-ray analysis of isolated crystals indicated that gallic acid crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group, P21/c. The structure was further established by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and scanning electron microscope.
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths reported w... more Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths reported worldwide. The incidence is higher in Asia and Africa, where there is greater endemic prevalence of hepatitis B and C. The devastating outcome of cancer can be minimized only by the use of potent therapeutic agents. Tridham (TD) has been acknowledged since olden days for its wide spectrum of biological properties and was used by traditional practitioners of Siddha and other indigenous systems of medicine. The present study aims at investigating the mechanistic action of TD by assessing the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7). Methods: Cell viability and apoptosis assay using MTT analysis and trypan blue staining, DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, cell cycle analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were determined in Huh7 cells.
Tridham (TD), a polyherbal formulation is assessed for its acute (72 hr) and subacute toxicity (2... more Tridham (TD), a polyherbal formulation is assessed for its acute (72 hr) and subacute toxicity (28 days) and also its significance on histological, hematological and biochemical variations in albino wistar rats. Body weight and general behavior of animal was observed throughout the experimental period and at the end of the study period organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine, as well as kidney and liver histology were evaluated. Results of the studies performed indicated no toxic clinical symptoms or histopathological lesions in both acute and subacute toxicity, which clearly shows that TD extract has high margin of safety.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal cancers due to delayed diagnosis and lack... more Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal cancers due to delayed diagnosis and lack of effective treatment options. Significant exposure to Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin, plays a major role in liver carcinogenesis through oxidative tissue damage and p53 mutation. The present study emphasizes the anticarcinogenic effect of Tridham (TD), a polyherbal traditional medicine, on AFB 1 -induced HCC in male Wistar rats. AFB 1 -administered HCCbearing rats (Group II) showed increased levels of lipid peroxides (LPOs), thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARs), and protein carbonyls (PCOs) and decreased levels of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants when compared to control animals (Group I). Administration of TD orally (300 mg/kg body weight/day) for 45 days to HCC-bearing animals (Group III) significantly reduced the tissue damage accompanied by restoration of the levels of antioxidants. Histological observation confirmed the induction of tumour in Group II animals and complete regression of tumour in Group III animals. This study highlights the potent antioxidant properties of TD which contribute to its therapeutic effect in AFB 1 -induced HCC in rats.
Elsevier, 2018
INTRODUCTION Phenolic and polyphenolic substances are secreted by plants as secondary metabolites... more INTRODUCTION
Phenolic and polyphenolic substances are secreted by plants as secondary
metabolites which are necessary for their growth and physiology. Most of
the polyphenols are produced by phenyl propanoid pathways that are liable
for the biosynthesis of various polyphenolic compounds with structural diversity [1]. Current studies on phenolic and polyphenolic compounds are
gaining attention because of their potent effects and the presence of most
abundant phytochemicals in human diets. Thus, the presence of these phytochemicals
validates their beneficial effects on human health which might pave
the way for betterment in drug discovery
Springer, 2018
Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the wor... more Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related
deaths in the world. Although colon cancer is often treated successfully with the
surgery, it requires an aggressive systemic therapy to completely cure. Several past
studies have suggested the combined use of chemo- or radiotherapy with herbal
medicines to enhance the efficacy and diminish the side effects caused by these
therapies. In this regard, some herbal compounds such as vinca alkaloids, turmeric,
astragalus, ginseng, and ginger have been well studied for their anti-colorectal cancer
activities. The identification of active herbal compounds emphasizes on the
development of an effective anticancer medicine, which remains as an essential step
in the advanced cancer treatments. Many preclinical and clinical studies have proved
that herbal medicines are safe, exhibit higher tumour suppressive activity, improve
immune system, and increase sensitivity of chemo- and radiotherapeutics. The
herbs are more promising as they prevent the invasion and proliferation of tumour
by arresting cellular functions. Due to abundance, low cost, and safety in consumption,
herbs remain with a tremendous potential to investigate as a combined formulation
of chemotherapy to enable tumour growth suppression with less toxic side
Elsevier, 2019
Fucoidan is a marine sulfated polysaccharide, which is extracted from brown seaweed that has a wi... more Fucoidan is a marine sulfated polysaccharide, which is extracted from brown seaweed that has a wide range of bioactivities including anti-cancer properties. However, the underlying mechanism of fucoidan on its anti-cancer and apoptotic activity against colon cancer cell line Caco-2 remains to be elucidated. Hence, the present study evaluated the cytotoxicity, apoptotic and anti-cancer activity of fucoidan extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum cinereum against Caco-2 cell line. Cytotoxicity, morphological examination of nuclei, mitochon-drial membrane potential, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and detection of apop-totic efficacy of fucoidan were assessed by different assay protocols. Fucoidan inhibited growth of Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. IC 50 concentration of fucoidan was found to be 250 μg/ml. AO/EB, Hoechst and Annexin V/PI staining confirmed the apoptosis induced by fucoidan in Caco-2 cells. Fucoidan was also found to increase ROS production and augment mitochondrial membrane permeability. The findings of the study suggest that fucoidan exerts potent anti-cancer and apoptotic effect on Caco-2 cells by enhancing ROS production. Thus, fucoidan may be used as a promising therapeutic regimen against various cancer cell types.
MJPHM, 2019
The main objective is to create awareness and to assess the socio-demographic factors and BMI amo... more The main objective is to create awareness and to assess the socio-demographic factors and BMI among pre-clinical students of UniKL RCMP towards overweight and obesity and to determine the correlation between the knowledge, attitude, and practice. A cross-sectional research was conducted among students using questionnaire. All the questions in the questionnaire were then computed as the variables of the study. Respondents of year 2 score moderately in which male tends to score higher (n=30) than female (n=27) towards awareness of overweight and obesity. Besides, generally respondents with high household income (>RM9000) scored more awareness towards overweight and obesity. Furthermore, when taking hometown setting as a factor, respondent who lives in urban site tend to score higher (n=28) than the other two regions. In year 1 students, the data showed that female had a better knowledge, attitude and practice than male based on gender. Medium income (RM4000-9000) respondent have a better awareness than high and low income. Lastly, respondent who lives in urban site have a better awareness towards overweight and obesity compared to two other regions. In conclusion to the study conducted, it is found that females have more awareness when compared with males towards overweight and obesity. The suburban people have higher score in practice to overcome overweight and obesity but lower understanding than other regions. Thus, there is no significant correlation between gender, household income and region on awareness towards overweight and obesity. However, there were noticeable differences among the three individual variables.
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2018
Purpose: To assess the antiviral efficiency of β-D-glucan (BDG) on human liver cell line (WRL68) ... more Purpose: To assess the antiviral efficiency of β-D-glucan (BDG) on human liver cell line (WRL68) infected with dengue virus (DENV). Methods: Cytotoxic activity was assessed via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Solid-phase virus binding assay was used to determine the presence of a chemical affinity between dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) and BDG. Plaque formation assay was performed to measure the suppression of DENV-2. Results: Plaque formation assay results revealed that the inhibition of DENV infection by BDG was effective at 400 μg/mL which occurred by inhibiting virus replication. BDG inhibited DENV replication and produced minimal toxicity on WRL68 cells at 600 µg/mL in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of DENV-2 with the highest concentration of the BDG resulted in 60, 55, and 50 % viability at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Plaque formation and binding efficiency data confirmed that BDG protected the WRL68 cells against DENV-2. Conclusion: The results indicate that in infected cells, β-D-glucan was found to be potent in inhibiting replication of the dengue virus.
Hindawi, 2018
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is classically defined by its vascular lesions and damage in the neuron... more Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is classically defined by its vascular lesions and damage in the neurons of the retina. The cellular and clinical elements of DR have many features of chronic inflammation. Understanding the individual cell-specific inflammatory changes in the retina may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to prevent vision loss. The systematic use of available pharmacotherapy has been reported as a useful adjunct tool to laser photocoagulation, a gold standard therapy for DR. Direct injections or intravitreal anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis agents are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). However, their effectiveness is short term, and the delivery system is often associated with adverse effects, such as cataract and increased intraocular pressure. Further, systemic agents (particularly hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antihypertensive agents) and plants-based drugs have also provided promising treatment in the progression of DR. Recently, advancements in pluripotent stem cells technology enable restoration of retinal functionalities after transplantation of these cells into animals with retinal degeneration. This review paper summarizes the developments in the current and potential pharmacotherapy and therapeutic technology of DR. Literature search was done on online databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, clinitrials.gov, and browsing through individual ophthalmology journals and leading pharmaceutical company websites.
Elsevier, 2018
Key Messages • Apart from adipocytokines being energy storage sites, they significantly control t... more Key Messages • Apart from adipocytokines being energy storage sites, they significantly control the metabolic pathway regulated by the nutritional status of the cells. • Upregulation of adipocytokines like resistin, vaspin, apelin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces insulin resistance linked with obesity and type 2 diabetes. • The emerging role of adipocytokines in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity that help model therapeutic interventions thereby reducing vascular diseases.: adipocytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) leptin obesity type 2 diabetes tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) a b s t r a c t Adipose tissue is an enormously active endocrine organ, secreting various hormones, such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin, together with classical cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). All these adipocytokines play significant roles in the regulation of energy metabolism , glucose and lipid metabolism, reproduction, cardiovascular function and immunity. Adipocytokines are significantly regulated by nutritional status and can directly influence other organ systems, including brain, liver and skeletal muscle. Adiponectin plays a key role as an anti-inflammatory hormone. Upregulated expression of resistin, vaspin, apelin and TNF-α plays a significant role in induction of insulin resistance linked with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin, the circulating peptide, has been found to stimulate appetite and regulate energy balance. Thus, it can be considered 1 of the candidate genes for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Omentin is a novel adipokine produced by visceral adipose tissue. Circulating levels of omentin are decreased in insulin-resistant states, for example, in obesity and diabetes. IL-6 plays a vital role in regulating the accumulation of lipids intramyocardially. Based on the biologic relevance of these adipocytokines, they can no longer be considered as energy storage sites alone but must also be considered in metabolic control. Hence, the present review summarizes the regulatory roles of adipocytokines in diabetes linked with obesity.
Protease, a digestive enzyme found in various plant and animal sources has wide array of industri... more Protease, a digestive enzyme found in various plant and animal sources has wide array of industrial application for its ability to hydrolyze complex protein molecules. Microorganisms also secrete such protease enzymes which are also used in industrial sector considering their economical value. Here we evaluated the ability of bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in producing protease and identified that both the bacterial isolates exhibited significant protease activity. Hence, considering their free living nature in the environment and ease of maintenance, these organisms can serve as an effective substitute for the conventional protease producing microorganisms for their use in industrial applications.
The present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity against HCT-... more The present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity against HCT-15 of fucoidan from Sargassum cinereum. Purification of fucoidan was done by DEAE cellulose and dialysis. Physicochemical characterization of fucoidan was analysed by calorimetric assay, FT-IR, HPLC and NMR. The extracted fucoidan contains 65.753% of fucose and 3.7 ± 1.54% of sulphate respectively. HPLC results showed that the fucoidan contains the monosaccharide composition such as fucose, galactose, mannose and xylose. Antioxidant effect of fucoidan in Sargassum Cinereum was determined by DPPH. The maximum DPPH activity was found at the concentration of 100 g, where as the crude extract showed the scavenging activity was 63.58 ± 0.56%. Cytotoxicity effect was done by MTT assay. Fucoidan extract caused about 50% of cell death after 24 h of incubation with 75 ± 0.9037 g/ml against HCT-15.
Leather is a natural product which gets decomposed overtime, by the airborne bacterial or fungal ... more Leather is a natural product which gets decomposed overtime, by the airborne bacterial or fungal spores present everywhere. These microorganisms quickly colonize and cause increased biodeterioration of leather. The aim of the present study is to isolate, standardize and investigate the antifungal efficacy of fungicide cumine phenol on various fungal species of vegetable tanned leather.Various application studies were also performed to study the effect of fungicide on infected leather. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and are the three isolated fungal species which were used for the present study. Physical properties of the leather were also tested in all the three isolated fungal species.Antifungal susceptibility and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of cumine phenol against Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum was found to be 40 μl and against Aspergillus flavus was found to be 80 μl. Application study conducted showed that 0.05% of cumine phenol is sufficient to control the growth of isolated fungal species on leather. The studies on physical properties showed moderate leather biodeterioration on fungal attack.The results obtained from the present study showed that cumine phenol can be use as an effective fungicide in protection against fungal attack of all three isolated species.
Background: Biocontrol is process by which naturally occurring microorganisms inhibits or suppres... more Background: Biocontrol is process by which naturally occurring microorganisms inhibits or suppress the growth of many pathogens which affects plant growth. Biocontrol activities of these microbes reduce the use of chemical fertilizers which harms the environ
Raw hide is the most susceptible substrate for the attack of microorganisms. The microbial attack... more Raw hide is the most susceptible substrate for the attack of microorganisms. The microbial attack is high in the vegetable tanned leather than the chrome tanned leather. The present study is designed to isolate, standardize, study and to perform application studies on the antifungal efficacy of PCMC on the isolated fungal species from vegetable tanned leather. The three isolated fungal species such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Trichophyton rubrum were presently used for the study. Antifungal susceptibility and physical characteristics of leather was tested and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PCMC against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus was found to be 80 µl, whereas against Trichophyton rubrum was found to be 40 µl. Application study conducted showed that 0.1% of PCMC is sufficient to control the growth of isolated fungal species on leather. The physical properties of leather showed moderate deterioration on fungal attack. All these studies were performed indicate that PCMC was found to be effective in protecting leather against attack by all these three isolated species.
In the present study aqueous, ethanolic and methonolic extract of Azima tetracantha were investig... more In the present study aqueous, ethanolic and methonolic extract of Azima tetracantha were investigated for antimicrobial activity. The microorganisms employed were Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. sp. The susceptibility of bacteria strains against the three extracts was determined using the well diffusion method. The most susceptible micro organisms was Staphylococcus aureus while the least susceptible was Klebsiella sp. Highest antibacterial activity was observed with water extract of Azima tetracantha against S. aureus while minimum activity was observed with extract of Azima tetracantha against Klebsiella sp. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, Phenol, valotile oil, steroid, tannin and saponin.
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal disorder leading to massive proliferation of hematopoi... more Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal disorder leading to massive proliferation of hematopoietic cells. It is characterized by the BCR–ABL gene, resulting in production of a 210-kD chimeric tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in its etiopathogenesis. There is an increasing interest in identifying potent preventive and therapeutic agents for leukemia. Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract (SA) has antileukemic activity in murine BCR–ABL + leukemia in vivo. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of SA by assessing its antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in the BCR–ABL + 12B1 murine leukemic cell line.Cell viability and apoptosis assay using MTT analysis, propidium iodide staining, DNA fragmentation, intracellular reactive oxygen species/calcium, mitochondrial membrane potential, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were determined in 12B1 cells.Cell viability of SA-treated 12B1 cells was dose and time dependent. SA-induced cell death was considered to be apoptotic by observing the typical apoptotic morphological changes seen on propidium iodide staining and DNA ladder formation on electrophoresis. A reduction in the BCR–ABL + mRNA levels, induced by SA, was observed by RT-PCR. This may have been the result of a reduction in the transcription of the BCR–ABL fusion gene, with concomitant activation of apoptosis. SA induced a rapid increase in intracellular Ca 2+ ions, which led to increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Concomitantly, we observed a significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol in 12B1 cells. These effects of SA are accompanied by downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, and activation of the caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes.These results provide unprecedented evidence that SA triggers mitochondrial receptor pathways to induce apoptotic signals in 12B1 cells. This study highlights the beneficial effect of SA in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and thereby revealing a possible mechanism of therapeutic action in vivo.
Tridham (TD) is a combinational Siddha herbal drug consisting of three plant ingredients includin... more Tridham (TD) is a combinational Siddha herbal drug consisting of three plant ingredients including seed coats of Terminalia chebula (family: Combretaceae) fruits of Eleocarpus ganitrus (family: Elaeocarpaceae) and leaves of Prosopis cineraria (family: Leguminosae). TD is used by Siddha practitioners, however, its active constituents have not been scientifically explored. The present study different TD crude extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using non polar to polar solvents. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were assayed. The redox potential of crude TD and its individual components were analyzed by Differential pulse voltammeter (DPV). The cytotoxic effect of TD on HepG2 cell line was evaluated. The inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of TD was found to be 80µg at the treatment period of 48 hour. DNA fragmentation analysis using agarose gel electrophoresis showed cytotoxic effects in TD treated groups. An active component was isolated from TD using column chromatography and identified by various spectroscopic and microscopy techniques. TD aqueous extract was found to exhibit high amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents. DPV showed that TD tends to contains easily oxidizable polyphenols compared to standard and individual ingredients. Systematic in vitro studies show that TD extract has growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects on Hep G2 cell lines. The single crystal X-ray analysis of isolated crystals indicated that gallic acid crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group, P21/c. The structure was further established by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and scanning electron microscope.
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths reported w... more Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths reported worldwide. The incidence is higher in Asia and Africa, where there is greater endemic prevalence of hepatitis B and C. The devastating outcome of cancer can be minimized only by the use of potent therapeutic agents. Tridham (TD) has been acknowledged since olden days for its wide spectrum of biological properties and was used by traditional practitioners of Siddha and other indigenous systems of medicine. The present study aims at investigating the mechanistic action of TD by assessing the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7). Methods: Cell viability and apoptosis assay using MTT analysis and trypan blue staining, DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, cell cycle analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were determined in Huh7 cells.
Tridham (TD), a polyherbal formulation is assessed for its acute (72 hr) and subacute toxicity (2... more Tridham (TD), a polyherbal formulation is assessed for its acute (72 hr) and subacute toxicity (28 days) and also its significance on histological, hematological and biochemical variations in albino wistar rats. Body weight and general behavior of animal was observed throughout the experimental period and at the end of the study period organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine, as well as kidney and liver histology were evaluated. Results of the studies performed indicated no toxic clinical symptoms or histopathological lesions in both acute and subacute toxicity, which clearly shows that TD extract has high margin of safety.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal cancers due to delayed diagnosis and lack... more Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal cancers due to delayed diagnosis and lack of effective treatment options. Significant exposure to Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin, plays a major role in liver carcinogenesis through oxidative tissue damage and p53 mutation. The present study emphasizes the anticarcinogenic effect of Tridham (TD), a polyherbal traditional medicine, on AFB 1 -induced HCC in male Wistar rats. AFB 1 -administered HCCbearing rats (Group II) showed increased levels of lipid peroxides (LPOs), thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARs), and protein carbonyls (PCOs) and decreased levels of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants when compared to control animals (Group I). Administration of TD orally (300 mg/kg body weight/day) for 45 days to HCC-bearing animals (Group III) significantly reduced the tissue damage accompanied by restoration of the levels of antioxidants. Histological observation confirmed the induction of tumour in Group II animals and complete regression of tumour in Group III animals. This study highlights the potent antioxidant properties of TD which contribute to its therapeutic effect in AFB 1 -induced HCC in rats.