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Papers by muhammad shahban

Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences

Elevated exposure from background radiations and health hazards for radiation workers have recent... more Elevated exposure from background radiations and health hazards for radiation workers have recently grabbed the attention of researchers. This study targeted to measure the background radiation levels in the operating console areas radiation facilities of NORIN, Nawabshah Pakistan. Ten operating consoles of different treatment and diagnostic machines were surveyed using a calibrated RM1001-RD LAMSE radiation monitor for the period of one year periodically and AEDR was calculated using standard formulas. The organ doses were calculated using recommended occupancy and conversion factors. The highest point with increased AEDR was found to be the operating console of cobalt-60 teletherapy machine (0.876 ± 0.03 mSv/yr), while the lowest at the Digital Radiography operating console (0.730 ± 0.03 mSv/yr). The standard error ranged between 0.02-0.03 %. These findings affirm a statistically significant difference in T-test values at a level of significance of 5% (P<0.05). The testes received the maximum dose (0.718 mSv/yr) followed by bonemarrow (0.604 mSv/yr) at Co-60 Teletherapy operating console. Conclusion: Based on these results, it was deduced that radiation levels are well within the permissible radiation limit of 1.0 mSv/yr prescribed by the ICRP and hardly about 37% of UNSCEAR limit of 2.4 mSv/yr. Therefore, all radiation workers are radiologically safe in operating console areas because all radiation protection and regulatory protocols are strictly observed in the working environment. This study eliminates the undue anxiety about the hazardous nature of radiation in the radiation workers of cancer hospitals.

Pakistan Journal of Nuclear Medicine

Background: Technetium-99m radioisotope is the backbone of any nuclear medicine institute. It is ... more Background: Technetium-99m radioisotope is the backbone of any nuclear medicine institute. It is well known that various 99m Tclabeled radiopharmaceuticals may get absorbed into the plastic syringes. The consequences of this adsorption are inadequate or inconsistent absorbed dose which produces the inappropriate diagnostic response in patients. The aim of our study was to investigate the true activity administrated to patients and also compare the results of residual activities of the same dose by using different volumes of syringes. Methods: A total 946 measurements were analyzed in which patients were injected with either 3 or 5 ml syringes and 99m Tc was labeled with different pharmaceuticals, i.e., mercaptoacetyltriglycine-3, methoxy-iso-butyl isonitrile, methylenediphosphonic acid (MDP), and technetium pertechnitate. Residual activity was measured for every patient. Results: The 3 ml syringes have less average retention rate for any radiopharmaceutical as compared to 5 ml syringes. Residual activity for MDP is lower when compared to other radiopharmaceutical for both volumes of syringes. Maximum residual activity for 5 ml syringes happens to be 3.42% of dispensed activity, while for 3 ml syringes it is 2.74% of dispensed activity. The mean effective activities were within the recommended range of EANM and PNRA guidelines. Conclusion: For all radiopharmaceuticals and both syringes, average residual activity remained well under 1.5% of the activity drawn into syringes, which is insignificant when compared to previous reported results and may not alter the resultant image quality to a larger extent. In hospital, practices should be encouraged to reduce the residual activity as low as possible.

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jul 1, 2018

Background: Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN) is a newly est... more Background: Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN) is a newly established full-fledged healthcare facility for diagnosis, treatment, and research of all cancer types in rural areas of Sindh, Pakistan. Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah began its radiotherapy services in January 2012. We have conducted this study to assess cancer patients who registered in the Radiotherapy Department and received external beam radiotherapy at this institute in Pakistan. Methods: We gathered institution-based data on cancer incidence distributed according to gender, age, district, tumor location, and stage of cancer when patients registered in the Radiotherapy Department of the Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah. In total, we included 2116 patients in this study from 2012 to 2016 who received irradiation administered by a cobalt-60 machine. Results: The most common cancers were located in the head and neck region in males and breast in females. Most patients presented to the Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah with disease stages III and IV. Data from patients treated by external beam radiotherapy has indicated that most were 40-85 years of age. The Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah is located in Nawabshah District. Therefore, most patients who presented to this institution were residents of Nawabshah and neighboring districts. Conclusion: Late stage diagnosis, lack of awareness, and low socio-economic status in rural areas of Sindh is of tremendous concern. The establishment of a cancer detection campaign and initiation of a cancer control program is vital for an efficient fight against cancer.

Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, 2019

Introduction: Irregular/blocked fields are routinely used in radiotherapy. The doses of these fie... more Introduction: Irregular/blocked fields are routinely used in radiotherapy. The doses of these fields are usually calculated by means of equivalent square method that is inherently prone to uncertainty. On the other hand, Clarkson’s sector integration method is a dose calculation method which offers far better accuracy in dose calculation of irregular fields. The Scatter Air Ratio (SAR) of an individual sector, in which whole field has been divided, is calculated and averaged over all sectors to find total SAR for the whole field. Percentage depth dose (PDD) and tissue-maximum ratio (TMR) for irregularly shaped beams can be calculated by the SAR values using the standard relationships of these measurement quantities. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 40 actual patient treatment fields. The PDD values for depths up to 15 cm were calculated using both Clarkson’s sector integration method and conventional methods, and their results were compared with the measured ...

Reports of practical oncology and radiotherapy : journal of Greatpoland Cancer Center in Poznan and Polish Society of Radiation Oncology

Peripheral or scatter dose harms neighbouring normal tissues during administration of dose to can... more Peripheral or scatter dose harms neighbouring normal tissues during administration of dose to cancerous tissues, therefore, knowledge of peripheral dose is an important consideration in radiotherapy. In present study, absorbed dose measurements in a water phantom were performed for three field sizes, 7 × 7 cm(2), 10 × 10 cm(2) and 15 × 15 cm(2). For each field size, dose was measured at six depths below the front surface of the water phantom; 2.5-15 cm with an interval of 2.5 cm. Measurements were made at equal transverse distances along the horizontal axis, from 1 cm to 6 cm, on both sides of the central beam axis and normalized with central axis dose of each field. All measurements were made at the source to surface distance of 100 cm. Variation of peripheral dose with lateral distance was analysed and an appropriate parametric equation for each field size and depth was constructed. The peripheral radiation dose showed a strong dependence on field size and distance from field boun...

Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice

Introduction: Measurement of off-centre ratios (OCRs) is a requirement for the commissioning of c... more Introduction: Measurement of off-centre ratios (OCRs) is a requirement for the commissioning of cyberknife. The fixed source to axis distance (SAD) technique is required for the measurement of OCRs which is time-consuming and tedious. The fixed source to surface distance (SSD) technique, on the other hand, is easy to set up and requires less time. The OCRs have been measured with SAD and SSD setup and compared to assess the difference between each other. Material and Methods: The research is carried out on an Accuracy cyberknife M6, installed at NORI Cancer Hospital Islamabad. The OCRs are measured with Sun Nuclear ‘EDGE’ diode detector on a Sun Nuclear SNC 3D dosimetry system. The OCRs were measured for 12 cones and at three depths. Each OCR measured with the SAD setup is compared with the corresponding OCR measured with SSD setup using % dose distance and distance to agreement (2%/0·2mm). Results: For the within-the-beam and out-of-the beam regions, both OCRs are matching with eac...

Pakistan Journal of Nuclear Medicine

Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care

Background: Head and neck cancer is the most common malignancy in Sindh, Pakistan. The type of ca... more Background: Head and neck cancer is the most common malignancy in Sindh, Pakistan. The type of cancer can be observed in the oral cavity, lips, buccal mucosa, oropharynx, hypopharynx, nasopharynx, the floor of the mouth and hard palate in Sindh. Objectives: The present study was conducted at the Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN), Sindh, with the objective of reviewing descriptive epidemiological characteristics and incidence of head and neck cancer in this rural area. Methods: In this study, we divided head and neck cancer patients according to their gender, age, districts, tumor location, probable causative agents, and stage of cancer when they had been admitted to the Radiotherapy Department of NORIN. Results: In total, 1,030 patients were registered during the study period from January 2012 to December 2016, comprising 56% males and 44% females. The most common site of the head and neck tumors was the oral cavity (58%), followed by the tongue, tonsil, floor of the mouth, gum, hard palate, soft palate, and lips. Other sites of head and neck cancer were hypo-pharynx, nasopharynx, salivary gland, parotid gland, oral-pharynx, and lyrnx. Most patients came in NORIN at stage III and stage IV of their disease and most of them were at the age of 40-85 years. Most patients were the residents of Nawabshah and neighboring districts. Conclusions: Head and neck malignancy was the most common type of cancer registered in NORIN in the last five years. Because of the lack of awareness, education, and diagnostic facilities, most patients start cancer treatment at later stages of the disease, which makes it very difficult to cure. Smoking and the use of alcohol, Gutka, Supari, Naswar, Man-Pori, etc., are the main causes of head and neck cancer.

Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science

Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences

Elevated exposure from background radiations and health hazards for radiation workers have recent... more Elevated exposure from background radiations and health hazards for radiation workers have recently grabbed the attention of researchers. This study targeted to measure the background radiation levels in the operating console areas radiation facilities of NORIN, Nawabshah Pakistan. Ten operating consoles of different treatment and diagnostic machines were surveyed using a calibrated RM1001-RD LAMSE radiation monitor for the period of one year periodically and AEDR was calculated using standard formulas. The organ doses were calculated using recommended occupancy and conversion factors. The highest point with increased AEDR was found to be the operating console of cobalt-60 teletherapy machine (0.876 ± 0.03 mSv/yr), while the lowest at the Digital Radiography operating console (0.730 ± 0.03 mSv/yr). The standard error ranged between 0.02-0.03 %. These findings affirm a statistically significant difference in T-test values at a level of significance of 5% (P<0.05). The testes received the maximum dose (0.718 mSv/yr) followed by bonemarrow (0.604 mSv/yr) at Co-60 Teletherapy operating console. Conclusion: Based on these results, it was deduced that radiation levels are well within the permissible radiation limit of 1.0 mSv/yr prescribed by the ICRP and hardly about 37% of UNSCEAR limit of 2.4 mSv/yr. Therefore, all radiation workers are radiologically safe in operating console areas because all radiation protection and regulatory protocols are strictly observed in the working environment. This study eliminates the undue anxiety about the hazardous nature of radiation in the radiation workers of cancer hospitals.

Pakistan Journal of Nuclear Medicine

Background: Technetium-99m radioisotope is the backbone of any nuclear medicine institute. It is ... more Background: Technetium-99m radioisotope is the backbone of any nuclear medicine institute. It is well known that various 99m Tclabeled radiopharmaceuticals may get absorbed into the plastic syringes. The consequences of this adsorption are inadequate or inconsistent absorbed dose which produces the inappropriate diagnostic response in patients. The aim of our study was to investigate the true activity administrated to patients and also compare the results of residual activities of the same dose by using different volumes of syringes. Methods: A total 946 measurements were analyzed in which patients were injected with either 3 or 5 ml syringes and 99m Tc was labeled with different pharmaceuticals, i.e., mercaptoacetyltriglycine-3, methoxy-iso-butyl isonitrile, methylenediphosphonic acid (MDP), and technetium pertechnitate. Residual activity was measured for every patient. Results: The 3 ml syringes have less average retention rate for any radiopharmaceutical as compared to 5 ml syringes. Residual activity for MDP is lower when compared to other radiopharmaceutical for both volumes of syringes. Maximum residual activity for 5 ml syringes happens to be 3.42% of dispensed activity, while for 3 ml syringes it is 2.74% of dispensed activity. The mean effective activities were within the recommended range of EANM and PNRA guidelines. Conclusion: For all radiopharmaceuticals and both syringes, average residual activity remained well under 1.5% of the activity drawn into syringes, which is insignificant when compared to previous reported results and may not alter the resultant image quality to a larger extent. In hospital, practices should be encouraged to reduce the residual activity as low as possible.

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jul 1, 2018

Background: Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN) is a newly est... more Background: Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN) is a newly established full-fledged healthcare facility for diagnosis, treatment, and research of all cancer types in rural areas of Sindh, Pakistan. Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah began its radiotherapy services in January 2012. We have conducted this study to assess cancer patients who registered in the Radiotherapy Department and received external beam radiotherapy at this institute in Pakistan. Methods: We gathered institution-based data on cancer incidence distributed according to gender, age, district, tumor location, and stage of cancer when patients registered in the Radiotherapy Department of the Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah. In total, we included 2116 patients in this study from 2012 to 2016 who received irradiation administered by a cobalt-60 machine. Results: The most common cancers were located in the head and neck region in males and breast in females. Most patients presented to the Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah with disease stages III and IV. Data from patients treated by external beam radiotherapy has indicated that most were 40-85 years of age. The Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah is located in Nawabshah District. Therefore, most patients who presented to this institution were residents of Nawabshah and neighboring districts. Conclusion: Late stage diagnosis, lack of awareness, and low socio-economic status in rural areas of Sindh is of tremendous concern. The establishment of a cancer detection campaign and initiation of a cancer control program is vital for an efficient fight against cancer.

Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, 2019

Introduction: Irregular/blocked fields are routinely used in radiotherapy. The doses of these fie... more Introduction: Irregular/blocked fields are routinely used in radiotherapy. The doses of these fields are usually calculated by means of equivalent square method that is inherently prone to uncertainty. On the other hand, Clarkson’s sector integration method is a dose calculation method which offers far better accuracy in dose calculation of irregular fields. The Scatter Air Ratio (SAR) of an individual sector, in which whole field has been divided, is calculated and averaged over all sectors to find total SAR for the whole field. Percentage depth dose (PDD) and tissue-maximum ratio (TMR) for irregularly shaped beams can be calculated by the SAR values using the standard relationships of these measurement quantities. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 40 actual patient treatment fields. The PDD values for depths up to 15 cm were calculated using both Clarkson’s sector integration method and conventional methods, and their results were compared with the measured ...

Reports of practical oncology and radiotherapy : journal of Greatpoland Cancer Center in Poznan and Polish Society of Radiation Oncology

Peripheral or scatter dose harms neighbouring normal tissues during administration of dose to can... more Peripheral or scatter dose harms neighbouring normal tissues during administration of dose to cancerous tissues, therefore, knowledge of peripheral dose is an important consideration in radiotherapy. In present study, absorbed dose measurements in a water phantom were performed for three field sizes, 7 × 7 cm(2), 10 × 10 cm(2) and 15 × 15 cm(2). For each field size, dose was measured at six depths below the front surface of the water phantom; 2.5-15 cm with an interval of 2.5 cm. Measurements were made at equal transverse distances along the horizontal axis, from 1 cm to 6 cm, on both sides of the central beam axis and normalized with central axis dose of each field. All measurements were made at the source to surface distance of 100 cm. Variation of peripheral dose with lateral distance was analysed and an appropriate parametric equation for each field size and depth was constructed. The peripheral radiation dose showed a strong dependence on field size and distance from field boun...

Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice

Introduction: Measurement of off-centre ratios (OCRs) is a requirement for the commissioning of c... more Introduction: Measurement of off-centre ratios (OCRs) is a requirement for the commissioning of cyberknife. The fixed source to axis distance (SAD) technique is required for the measurement of OCRs which is time-consuming and tedious. The fixed source to surface distance (SSD) technique, on the other hand, is easy to set up and requires less time. The OCRs have been measured with SAD and SSD setup and compared to assess the difference between each other. Material and Methods: The research is carried out on an Accuracy cyberknife M6, installed at NORI Cancer Hospital Islamabad. The OCRs are measured with Sun Nuclear ‘EDGE’ diode detector on a Sun Nuclear SNC 3D dosimetry system. The OCRs were measured for 12 cones and at three depths. Each OCR measured with the SAD setup is compared with the corresponding OCR measured with SSD setup using % dose distance and distance to agreement (2%/0·2mm). Results: For the within-the-beam and out-of-the beam regions, both OCRs are matching with eac...

Pakistan Journal of Nuclear Medicine

Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care

Background: Head and neck cancer is the most common malignancy in Sindh, Pakistan. The type of ca... more Background: Head and neck cancer is the most common malignancy in Sindh, Pakistan. The type of cancer can be observed in the oral cavity, lips, buccal mucosa, oropharynx, hypopharynx, nasopharynx, the floor of the mouth and hard palate in Sindh. Objectives: The present study was conducted at the Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN), Sindh, with the objective of reviewing descriptive epidemiological characteristics and incidence of head and neck cancer in this rural area. Methods: In this study, we divided head and neck cancer patients according to their gender, age, districts, tumor location, probable causative agents, and stage of cancer when they had been admitted to the Radiotherapy Department of NORIN. Results: In total, 1,030 patients were registered during the study period from January 2012 to December 2016, comprising 56% males and 44% females. The most common site of the head and neck tumors was the oral cavity (58%), followed by the tongue, tonsil, floor of the mouth, gum, hard palate, soft palate, and lips. Other sites of head and neck cancer were hypo-pharynx, nasopharynx, salivary gland, parotid gland, oral-pharynx, and lyrnx. Most patients came in NORIN at stage III and stage IV of their disease and most of them were at the age of 40-85 years. Most patients were the residents of Nawabshah and neighboring districts. Conclusions: Head and neck malignancy was the most common type of cancer registered in NORIN in the last five years. Because of the lack of awareness, education, and diagnostic facilities, most patients start cancer treatment at later stages of the disease, which makes it very difficult to cure. Smoking and the use of alcohol, Gutka, Supari, Naswar, Man-Pori, etc., are the main causes of head and neck cancer.

Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science