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Papers by Enrico Fardella

Middle East policy, Mar 4, 2024

Mediterranean Quarterly, Mar 1, 2015

Mondo contemporaneo, Feb 1, 2014

In questo breve saggio l’autore cerca di fornire un nuovo spunto critico sulla strategia politica... more In questo breve saggio l’autore cerca di fornire un nuovo spunto critico sulla strategia politica di Mao Zedong in occasione della crisi di Cuba del 1962. La connessione tra la lotta al revisionismo all’interno e all’esterno del paese, stabilita da Mao nella prima meta del 1962 per isolare i detrattori del Grande balzo in avanti, fu rafforzata dalla capacita del leader cinese di sfruttare a suo favore la crisi cubana. La solidarieta palesata nei confronti dei compagni cubani - ma anche le posizioni assunte nel corso del conflitto con l’India - se raffrontate alla concomitante resa di Chruscev alle pressioni americane e al ritiro dei missili realizzato sulle spalle dei cubani, avvaloravano agli occhi del movimento proletario internazionale le critiche mosse dal Grande Timoniere al revisionismo di Mosca. Mentre Mao capitalizzava all’esterno sulle difficolta sovietiche, le campagne propagandistiche di mobilitazione di massa, lanciate all’interno del paese in supporto alla rivoluzione cubana e contro il revisionismo sovietico, lo aiutavano a rafforzare con successo la lotta contro i suoi avversari politici.

Global Policy, Feb 1, 2023

China has manifested its aspiration to create an interdependent global network that integrates it... more China has manifested its aspiration to create an interdependent global network that integrates its commercial, strategic, political, and cultural connections across the world. Eurasia, and the Middle East and North Africa within it, have certainly become a core part of China's global design. This volume aims to explain the process of Chinese expansion in the Middle East from an ‘inside‐out’ perspective. It includes a series of country‐specific case studies aimed at evaluating how local actors and their agencies have shaped China's role in the region.

China & World Economy, Sep 1, 2017

This paper analyzes the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Europe with a specific focus on... more This paper analyzes the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Europe with a specific focus on Italy. We concentrate on the impact of new railways and port infrastructures on bilateral trade. Our analysis suggests that the development of new railway connections will benefit most of the Northern and Central European countries. Some industries like automotive and electronics that have a higher value to weight ratio will benefit more than others. However, due to higher costs, railway services will never reach a high percentage of total import/export flows. Investment in new port facilities, although less "new" compared with railways, may be a bigger game changer. The development of the Port of Piraeus has already increased the importance of the Mediterranean Sea as an import/export hub for China. If the other planned investments in Egypt and Algeria are completed, this phenomenon will be magnified. This presents a huge challenge for Italy. The Italian port in the high Adriatic Sea could be displaced by Piraeus capacity, especially if this port is linked through railways with the center of Europe. Italy needs to coordinate its ports together with its railway network to take advantage of Belt and Road Initiative opportunities.

Cold War History, Aug 1, 2013

Introduction 1. Stalin: From Yalta to the Far East 2. Korea - The Evolution of Soviet Postwar Pol... more Introduction 1. Stalin: From Yalta to the Far East 2. Korea - The Evolution of Soviet Postwar Policy 3. China - Twists and Turns of Soviet Postwar Policy 4. Paving Mao's Road to Moscow 5. Mao's Trip to Moscow 6. Stalin Reverses His Korea Policy 7. North Korea Crosses the 38th Parallel 8. China Decides: "Whatever the Sacrifice Necessary" 9. A New Stage in Sino-Soviet Cooperation

Diplomatic History, Sep 1, 2009

this paper analyses the possible impacts of Belt and Road Initiative on Europe looking at trade, ... more this paper analyses the possible impacts of Belt and Road Initiative on Europe looking at trade, investments and infrastructures

International Spectator, Jun 1, 2012

Cold War History, Feb 5, 2016

This paper aims to analyse the evolution of Sino-Italian relations from the foundation of the PRC... more This paper aims to analyse the evolution of Sino-Italian relations from the foundation of the PRC to the end of the Cold War, with a special focus on the construction of the official relationship from 1970 to 1992. The article has been divided into three parts: a critical reflection on the historical context that set the ground for the evolution of Sino-Italian relations between the 1950s and the 1970s; an assessment of the historical impact of normalisation; and a reconstruction of the main dynamics in bilateral relations between 1970 and 1992. This paper analyses the evolution of Sino-Italian relations from the foundation of the PRC to the end of the Cold War with a special focus on the construction of the official relationship from 1970 to 1992. The logic of the paper follows a prevailing trend in historiography to go beyond the 'bipolar' paradigm and to look at the Cold War as a system defined by a complex web of relationships between major and minor powers. Within this trend, special attention has recently been devoted by historians of international relations to the analysis of Sino-European relations. 1 Europe and China were in fact the most important third actors in the Cold War system. Being both territorial entities as well as political and economic spaces located at the crossroads of the mutual spheres of action of the two superpowers, they played an important role in the evolution and reshaping of the bipolar system. The Cold War defined the outlines of these two spaces. On the one hand, it accelerated the decline of Europe as a central player-a process already started during World War II and intensified by the dismantling of the colonial system-and, on the other, 1. On Sino-European relations during the Cold War see: Enrico Fardella, Christian F. Ostermann & Charles Kraus, Sino-European Relations During the Cold War and the Rise of a Multipolar World. A Critical Oral History

Russia in Global Affairs, 2018

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), originally aimed at domestic economic development, has turned... more The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), originally aimed at domestic economic development, has turned into an umbrella bringing together China's ambitious projects to shape a new order in Eurasia, which directly influences Europe. The authors represent both Chinese and European perspectives on this issue. The BRI has become a mechanism to represent China abroad as well as a tool to ensure China's competitive advantage in the world trade. This also has an impact on the entire trade system redirecting trade flows and making countries to compete for investments, which alters the existing order and each country's place in this order. Buying shares of Italian strategic national companies, gaining control over ports and terminals along the BRI sea route, for example, the port of Piraeus, and other investments recently made by China force European countries to adapt its economic strategies to new conditions.

Global Policy, 2023

China has manifested its aspiration to create an interdependent global network that integrates it... more China has manifested its aspiration to create an interdependent global network that integrates its commercial, strategic, political, and cultural connections across the world. Eurasia, and the Middle East and North Africa within it, have certainly become a core part of China's global design. This volume aims to explain the process of Chinese expansion in the Middle East from an 'inside-out' perspective. It includes a series of country-specific case studies aimed at evaluating how local actors and their agencies have shaped China's role in the region.

Middle East policy, Mar 4, 2024

Mediterranean Quarterly, Mar 1, 2015

Mondo contemporaneo, Feb 1, 2014

Global Policy, Feb 1, 2023

China & World Economy, Sep 1, 2017

Cold War History, Aug 1, 2013

Diplomatic History, Sep 1, 2009

International Spectator, Jun 1, 2012

Cold War History, Feb 5, 2016

Russia in Global Affairs, 2018

Global Policy, 2023

China has manifested its aspiration to create an interdependent global network that integrates it... more China has manifested its aspiration to create an interdependent global network that integrates its commercial, strategic, political, and cultural connections across the world. Eurasia, and the Middle East and North Africa within it, have certainly become a core part of China's global design. This volume aims to explain the process of Chinese expansion in the Middle East from an 'inside-out' perspective. It includes a series of country-specific case studies aimed at evaluating how local actors and their agencies have shaped China's role in the region.

This publication is the fruit of a one-of-a-kind conference, which took place in Palermo, Italy, ... more This publication is the fruit of a one-of-a-kind conference, which took place in Palermo, Italy, in 2012. The conference brought together veteran diplomats from Albania, China, Italy, Poland, Romania, and the United Kingdom, and paired them face-to-face with historians from around the world. For several days, participants engaged in what is known as “critical oral history.”

Methodologically, critical oral history allows for substantive dialogue between foreign policy practitioners and scholars. It allows participants to go beyond and challenge individual recollections and to fill in the blank spots in the historical record. The dialogue that took place between former officials and the scholars in Palermo was unique, making this a milestone event in the discipline.

What is perhaps most interesting about this volume is that the wealth of information and perspectives contained herewith have not been publically accessible before. This arises from the volume’s unique composition. It combines translations of formerly secret documents from ten different countries, with the rich oral history testimonies of ambassadors and diplomats from nearly as many nations. History could hardly be more international than how it is presented here.

The new data collected here is all the more valuable because the subject matter, Sino-European relations during the Cold War, is so fascinating, so timely, and so relevant. The “socialization” between China and the West in 1960s and 1970s, examined exhaustively in this volume, still weighs heavily on the international system today. Why? If the bipolar system of the 1960s and 1970s was marked by superpower détente, the parallel tentative emergence of a new order—an increasingly multipolar world—was grounded in the dialogue between middle powers: China and Europe.

As this volume demonstrates, Sino-European interaction and the resulting transformation of the Cold War order were the outcomes of Europe’s forward thinking diplomacy and Beijing’s genuine desire for independence on the international stage. De Gaulle’s vision of French grandeur inaugurated Europe’s overture to Beijing in 1960s. Later, the universalist impulses of and the emphasis on inclusiveness in Italian foreign policy found fertile ground in the ashes of the Cultural revolution. These and other shifts in the European political landscape added a normative horizon to Europe’s diplomatic contacts with Beijing and opened the door to Beijing’s return to the broader family of nations, thanks to its participation to the United Nations since the 1970s.

Presenting profound insights into the diplomatic paths that determined these historical transformations, this volume is not just useful for seasoned academics. It is also highly instructive for the new generation of diplomats. It is this generation which must appreciate how the different political cultures of Europe and China affect relations today, but it also this generation that ought to understand the shared history between Europe and China and its role in shaping the challenging times we live in.