Neisseria gonorrhoeae False-Positive Result Obtained from a Pharyngeal Swab by Using the Roche cobas 4800 CT/NG Assay in New Zealand in 2012 (original) (raw)

Abstract

The Roche cobas 4800 CT/NG assay is a commonly used commercial system for screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, and previous studies have shown the method to be highly sensitive and specific for urogenital samples. We present the first confirmed clinical N. gonorrhoeae false-positive result using the cobas 4800 NG assay, obtained from testing a pharyngeal swab sample and caused by cross-reaction with a commensal Neisseria strain.

TEXT

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are widely used for the detection of gonorrhea. However, the specificity of these methods can be undermined by ongoing genetic exchange between species within the Neisseria genus, leading to commensal Neisseria strains acquiring Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) NAAT target sequences. For these reasons, supplementary “confirmatory” testing for N. gonorrhoeae NAATs has been widely adopted (1, 2). The Roche cobas 4800 CT/NG assay is a later-generation NAAT method, and the NG component of the assay utilizes a dual-target approach, using two assays to detect sequences within the direct-repeat (DR-9) region (3). Performance data to date show excellent sensitivity and specificity for urogenital specimens (3–7), and it has been suggested that the assay does not require a second test to confirm urogenital positive results (6). Also, to our knowledge, there have been no definitive reports of the assay cross-reacting with commensal Neisseria strains (3, 8); while initial testing in a study by Tabrizi et al. (8) showed that the cobas 4800 NG assay cross-reacted with two commensal Neisseria strains, both were negative upon retesting using fresh cultures (8). Herein, we report the first clinical demonstration of a Roche cobas 4800 NG false-positive result obtained from a pharyngeal swab sample and caused by a reproducible cross-reaction with a commensal Neisseria strain.

On 17 September 2012, as part of the heightened awareness program sponsored by the New Zealand AIDS Foundation, self-referred throat and rectal swabs and a first-void urine were received from a 38-year-old male presenting to a sexual health clinic in Auckland, New Zealand. The samples were tested by PCR for N. gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) on the Roche cobas 4800 CT/NG assay at Labtests, Auckland, New Zealand (Table 1). The three specimens were all negative for C. trachomatis DNA; the urine and rectal swabs were also negative for N. gonorrhoeae DNA. The throat swab was positive for N. gonorrhoeae DNA with a cycle threshold value of 35.7, which was confirmed upon retesting at a second laboratory (Aotea Pathology, Wellington; cobas 4800 NG assay positive with a cycle threshold value of 35.3), and the patient was treated with 500 mg intramuscular ceftriaxone. As part of an ongoing study investigating the specificity of the cobas 4800 NG assay in our population, the specimen was subsequently referred for supplementary testing by the Abbott m2000 real-time PCR (Canterbury Health Laboratories) and in-house PCR methods targeting the gonococcal porA and opa genes (Aotea Pathology, Wellington); the specimen was negative by all assays.

Table 1.

Summary of NAAT and culture results_a_

Approximately 7 weeks later, the patient presented to his general practitioner with a sore throat and had a throat swab taken for routine bacteriology and C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae PCR. No beta-hemolytic streptococci, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, or N. gonorrhoeae was isolated by routine culture. Again, the cobas 4800 assay detected N. gonorrhoeae DNA (cycle threshold value, 39.4) and did not detect C. trachomatis DNA. In response to this result, the patient received another dose of ceftriaxone. After concerns over the validity of the result were raised by laboratory staff with the patient's general practitioner (GP), the patient was then contacted by his GP and he agreed to provide a further two throat swabs for inoculation on sheep blood agar, chocolate agar, and New York City agar. While no N. gonorrhoeae grew, three species of commensal Neisseria grew and were identified as Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria macacae, and Neisseria perflava by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Colonies of each strain were tested in the cobas 4800 assay, and a positive result was obtained for the N. macacae isolate (cycle threshold value, 28.2) while the other two isolates were negative. Four individual suspensions of the N. macacae isolate (prepared by inoculating 2 colonies each into 1.0 ml sterile water) were subsequently retested in the cobas 4800 NG assay at both the Labtests, Auckland, and Aotea Pathology laboratories; positive results were obtained for all suspensions in both laboratories (cycle threshold values ranged from 30.9 to 34.5 cycles; mean, 32.4 cycles).

The N. macacae isolate was further investigated by testing the four above-mentioned suspensions by an in-house N. gonorrhoeae porA and opa PCR; negative results were obtained for all suspensions. To further investigate species identification, a partial 16S rRNA sequence of the isolate was subject to PCR and DNA sequencing using previously described primers (P515PPl and p13B [9]). GenBank nucleotide blast analysis of a 787-bp 16S rRNA sequence provided a 100% match with two Neisseria flava sequences (GenBank accession numbers GU561419.1 and AJ239301.1), two unidentified Neisseria species (GenBank accession numbers FJ976424.1 and EU663609.1), and one Neisseria sicca sequence (GenBank accession number AJ239293.1). The closest N. gonorrhoeae match was 98% (768/787 nucleotides; GenBank accession number CP002440.1). The isolate was also sent to the Environmental and Science Research (ESR) reference laboratory (Porirua, New Zealand) and was identified as Neisseria subflava biovar perflava by standard phenotypic testing.

The above-described data provide clear evidence that the _N. gonorrhoeae_-positive results provided by the cobas 4800 assay for the throat swabs from this patient were false-positive results and that the problem arose through cross-reaction with a Neisseria species strain present in the throat of this particular patient. Since March 2012, we have had only eight other patients from whom pharyngeal swabs have provided positive PCR results in the cobas 4800 NG assay, and all eight have been confirmed as N. gonorrhoeae positive by the Abbott m2000 real-time PCR. Based on these limited data, the confirmation rate of the method for pharyngeal swabs is 88.9%. This is lower than the overall positive predictive value (PPV) of 97.1% (95% confidence interval, 95% to 98.5%) previously observed in our population based on testing of over 40,000 mainly urogenital specimens, of which 361 were positive for N. gonorrhoeae (10). While the identifications of the isolate provided by the MALDI-TOF, 16S rRNA, and phenotypic testing were not in complete agreement, the results clearly indicate that this was a commensal Neisseria strain and not N. gonorrhoeae and that it had likely acquired the DR-9 sequence targeted by both N. gonorrhoeae reactions of the cobas 4800 NG assay. We did not, however, seek to derive the DR-9 sequence from this isolate, as the precise region targeted by the cobas 4800 assay is not in the public domain.

It should be noted that most N. gonorrhoeae NAATs are neither validated nor marketed for use on extragenital sites, including pharyngeal swabs, but that NAAT testing of these sites is driven by the relatively poor sensitivity of culture for nongenital specimens (11). Overall, this case provides yet another example of specificity problems faced with molecular detection of N. gonorrhoeae and shows that false-positive results can be obtained from later-generation N. gonorrhoeae NAATs, including the cobas 4800 assay. These data further highlight the ongoing need for supplementary testing for N. gonorrhoeae NAATs so as to avoid unnecessary treatment and patient anxiety, particularly when they are applied to pharyngeal samples in which commensal Neisseria strains are prevalent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank Kevin Barratt at Canterbury Health labs for Abbott m2000 real-time PCR testing.

Footnotes

Published ahead of print 13 March 2013

REFERENCES

• 1.Whiley DM, Garland SM, Harnett G, Lum G, Smith DW, Tabrizi SN, Sloots TP, Tapsall JW. 2008. Exploring ‘best practice’ for nucleic acid detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex. Health 5:17–23 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 2.Smith DW, Tapsall JW, Lum G. 2005. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of nucleic acid detection tests for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Australia: a position paper on behalf of the Public Health Laboratory Network. Commun. Dis. Intell. 29:358–365 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 3.Rockett R, Goire N, Limnios A, Turra M, Higgens G, Lambert SB, Bletchly C, Nissen MD, Sloots TP, Whiley DM. 2010. Evaluation of the cobas 4800 CT/NG test for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex. Transm. Infect. 86:470–473 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 4.Taylor SN, Liesenfeld O, Lillis RA, Body BA, Nye M, Williams J, Eisenhut C, Hook EW, III, Van Der Pol B. 2012. Evaluation of the Roche cobas® CT/NG test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in male urine. Sex. Transm. Dis. 39:543–549 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 5.Van Der Pol B, Liesenfeld O, Williams JA, Taylor SN, Lillis RA, Body BA, Nye M, Eisenhut C, Hook EW., III 2012. Performance of the cobas CT/NG test compared to the Aptima AC2 and Viper CTQ/GCQ assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:2244–2249 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 6.Hopkins MJ, Smith G, Hart IJ, Alloba F. 2012. Screening tests for Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae using the cobas 4800 PCR system do not require a second test to confirm: an audit of patients issued with equivocal results at a sexual health clinic in the Northwest of England, U.K. Sex. Transm. Infect. 88:495–497 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 7.Parra-Sánchez M, Palomares JC, Bernal S, González MT, Sivianes N, Pérez L, Pueyo I, Martín-Mazuelos E. 2012. Evaluation of the cobas 4800 CT/NG test for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA in urogenital swabs and urine specimens. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 74:338–342 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 8.Tabrizi SN, Unemo M, Limnios AE, Hogan TR, Hjelmevoll SO, Garland SM, Tapsall J. 2011. Evaluation of six commercial nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other Neisseria species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49:3610–3615 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 9.Relman DA, Schmidt TM, MacDermott RP, Falkow S. 1992. Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 327:293–301 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 10.Upton A, Wilson J, Bissessor L. Introduction of routine PCR testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a community laboratory. Sex. Health, in press [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• 11.Fairley CK, Chen MY, Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN. 2011. Is it time to move to nucleic acid amplification tests screening for pharyngeal and rectal gonorrhoea in men who have sex with men to improve gonorrhoea control? Sex. Health 8:9–11 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]