Andrea Cammarata | Politecnico di Milano (original) (raw)

Papers by Andrea Cammarata

Research paper thumbnail of Software interoperabili e Bim. Le potenzialità rappresentative del modello digitale nel progetto di architettura

Research paper thumbnail of Metodi di visualizzazione innovativi nelle informazioni. Il caso dello stock market

Research paper thumbnail of Published in association with SIGS Books

This edition © Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing) 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Published in association with SIGS Books

This edition © Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing) 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Interoperability standards and educational projects: some case studies in Politecnico of Milan

The recent progress in CAAD modeling technologies, based on interoperability, opens new scenarios... more The recent progress in CAAD modeling technologies, based on interoperability, opens new scenarios based on the integration of cognitive systems. An important contribution is offered by the progressive integration of technologies for geographical and territorial representation with the recent object-oriented 3D parametrical modeling of buildings and their parts of work. The models representation technology guarantees the interoperability of the objects, through the whole information sets' exchange, in both systems, and the whole merging of the models from the original software context to the digital simulation environment in order to preview its working behavior under real conditions. The Faculty of Architecture at the Politecnico di Milano is leading the implementation of these standards within the institutional educational framework. The recent progress in modeling technologies, based on interoperability, to be primarily installed among the knowledge systems, opens new scenarios based on the integration of cognitive systems in a reading pattern with well-known crossroad nodes, which can explain the reasons of environmental and economical phenomena, generated by the " families of interactions " unfolding among heterogeneous, yet interfering, dimensional scales. An important contribution to this aim is offered by the progressive integration of technologies for geographical and territorial representation with the recent object-oriented 3D parametrical modeling of buildings and their parts of work, down to the required detail level. Industry Foundation Classes is a Open Source Standard language – freely shared by export users – property of International Alliance for Interoperability – Building Smart, an international non-profit organization of researchers, public administrations, software companies, enterprises, professional, experts and universities. The IFC developing standard is already recognized as ISO PAS 16739 – 2005. The long-established link between the research activity of Politecnico di Milano and IAI dates back to the beginning of this century. In 2004 the BEST department (Building Environment Science and Technology) was founded at the Politecnico: it is the Italian Chapter of IAI, which still is the Italian reference structure for this sector. Since then many structures, companies and bodies got involved with IAI. We therefore decided to disclose and to spread the related contents on the national territory. To this aim, the "Education and Training" workgroup has been created in 2006, of which the authors of this article are members. By considering university didactics as one of the main spreading channels of innovative tools and technologies, we decided to activate an immediate feasibility plan for the inclusion into the university institutional didactics. We therefore activated within the Faculty of Architecture a first class, entitled "3D Parametric CAD Design" at the fifth year of the study course. The class has been designed as an introductory overview of the object-oriented three-dimensional interoperable parametric architectural modeling, supported by strictly theoretical stages and wide-ranging operating tutorials carried out in the IT classroom, requiring students to get thoroughly involved.

Research paper thumbnail of MACE-Metadata for Architectural contents in Europe

CIB W102 3rd International Conference" Information …, 2007

The MACE project sets out to transform the ways of e-learning about architecture in Europe. It wi... more The MACE project sets out to transform the ways of e-learning about architecture in Europe. It will integrate vast amounts of content from diverse repositories created in several large previous projects as well as from existing architectural design communities. MACE will provide a framework for community based services such as finding, acquiring, using and discussing about e-learning contents that were previously reachable only to small user groups. The project builds on top of several projects about e-learning and architecture. Content and technology of these projects constitute the base for developing the MACE services. Additional content will be acquired by project partners who have access to a large number of content providers or are themselves universities dealing with architecture and design. Metadata is the key for searching, finding and using all kinds of content. Poor or no metadata hinders the public to find and use content and to benefit from existing knowledge. MACE develops and uses several types of metadata for tagging contents: content metadata, context metadata, competence and learning process metadata, usage related metadata and social metadata. Enriching and processing this new created metadata, MACE will enable the access to various repositories spread all over Europe. The project addresses the multicultural and multilingual issues resulting thereof and creates working solutions for sharing contents across borders.

Research paper thumbnail of 3D Digital Caad Maquettes. A Critical Survey Practice on the Architecture Masterworks to Understand Meanings, Forms, Geometry, Functionality and Structures

During the last few years there has been a whole series of notable transformations in the field o... more During the last few years there has been a whole series of notable transformations in the field of assisted design from the viewpoint of modelling and in the approach to IT tools by the design path itself. The world and the society are rapidly evolving. Buildings and architectural spaces take on different values and disposition of volumes, often not Euclidean at all. This is due to a meeting point between new tools, able to manage the necessary know how and complexity, and the renovation and transformation thust required by the society. The Politecnico di Milano, Faculty of Architecture and Society, has a strong educational and research tradition on new technologies and computer-assisted design tools. This abstract deals with a research carried out by the CoDE (Cooperative Design Environment) Lab with the students of the "3D Parametric CAAD Design" class (Leonardo Campus-Milano) and " Automatic Drawing for Architectural Design " (Arata Campus-Piacenza), with trainees and dissertationists. Both classes deal with all the subjects concerning CAAD-assisted design, with the aim of teaching students how to work autonomously from the analytical pre-planning phase to the final rendering of the artefact. Subjects of analysis and reconstruction were not the projects, but the already created buildings that supply a wider choice of sources and information. We analyzed the formal, morphological, historical and architectural aspects. For the time being we only deal with Aalto, Botta, Bottoni, Holl, Le Corbusier, Meier, Mies van der Rohe, Niemeyer, Ponti, Terragni and Wright. CAAD Digital Model Archive of CoDE Lab presently boasts more than 250 models. By working with 5 th year senior students of the Master's Degree and Banchelor degree courses, I often wondered how and if they will be able to face the challenges implied in the current architectural framework. We therefore pushed on with the use of technologies, well beyond their original aims. In our survey we highlighted some important issues for the growing and development of a critical analysis of the students. Students choose among the proposed architectures, look for the necessary sources and rebuild the 3D CAAD virtual models. But they must not only rebuild the geometry, but also analyse and deepen at best the primary and fundamental reasons of the investigated architectures. They must understand and express proportions, meanings, dynamics, variations, properties and peculiarities. We especially focused on:  the lack of the "representation scale" concept and its advantages;  the virtualization of the building, which becomes a "complex and overall machine", on which we can carry out any kind of scientific simulations;  the tool plasticity, combined with the digital building virtuality, allowing to simulate situations and events that never took place;  the cancellation of the time factor in the simulation of the real architectural artefact evolution;  the chance to re-analyze architectural modularites, symmetries, proportions of past and present architecture through a three-dimensional scientific verification tool;  the chance to re-analyze and virtually rebuild buildings of the past, trying to understand not only the shape, but also the structural, matter, aggregation, technological and stylistic aspects;  to investigate other aspects that can "arrange" architecture.

Research paper thumbnail of Metodi di visualizzazione innovativi nelle informazioni. Il caso dello stock market

Research paper thumbnail of Software interoperabili e Bim. Le potenzialità rappresentative del modello digitale nel progetto di architettura

Research paper thumbnail of An analysis and critical investigation practice

The Cooperative Design Environment Laboratory (CoDE Lab) is carrying out a research with students... more The Cooperative Design Environment Laboratory (CoDE Lab) is carrying out a research with students, trainees and seniors who have previously participated to CAAD-assisted design courses. These courses were developed with the aim of making participants independent from the pre-analytical phase project to the renderings of the final artifact. The programs that have been used so far are Autodesk Revit, Graphisoft Archicad and Nemetschek Allplan.The teaching workgroup has always believed that analyzing, deconstructing and reconstructing the architecture teaches much in terms of understanding. If the process is done correctly, it entirely re-traces the creative dynamics developed by the original designer. Subsequently, the educational practice is to choose a notable architectural work, designed and/or created by a Master of architecture, and to reproduce it in all details: aesthetical-formal, morphological, technological, structural, modular, etc. The final result is an archive of welldev...

Research paper thumbnail of T2. Trasmettere la venustas DECOSTRUI RE – E RICOSTRUIRE – LA VENUSTAS VITRUVIANA

Introduzione To define venustas, we must reconsider the meaning of the vitruvian triad.

Research paper thumbnail of The PiacenzaLabs repository, a MACE EU project application

MACE is a European research project which aims to develop methodologies of e-learning in architec... more MACE is a European research project which aims to develop methodologies of e-learning in architecture, integrating and implementing the report a lot of content already stored in database created and developed in other projects, including European. The system indexing the Learning Object in according to an approach that is based on the characteristics of the media itself and on the content and concepts that are housed in it. MACE will provide end users a service targeted to the research, acquisition, use and discussion on content reserved only a first small community of users. The development environment is that IT and especially that of Metadata. The project is to evolve simple digital containers to a collaborative environment and support the design and teaching. The project uses different types of metadata to classify content: metadata traditional ontological, contextual, related to skills, etc.. Research has focused primarily on developing a system capable of recognizing and cataloging digital content in various repositories and the definition of the characteristics that the metadata related to any content, had to have. The Application Profile is based on thesauri and classification systems and is an extension of the LOM Standard. Another aspect is the application of concepts and technologies to emerging MACE Repository PiacenzaLabs of the Piacenza Campus. The contribution is intended to amend and broaden the disciplinary and cultural references of MACE compared to architecture, to the disciplines of planning, the design of urban space, and wants to be a case study of the project, a scale and in a the papers recently definition.

Research paper thumbnail of 3D DIGITAL CAAD MAQUETTES. A CRITICAL SURVEY PRACTICE ON THE ARCHITECTURE MASTERWORKS TO UNDERSTAND MEANINGS, FORMS, GEOMETRY, FUNCTIONALITY AND STRUCTURES

During the last few years there has been a whole series of notable transformations in the field o... more During the last few years there has been a whole series of notable transformations in the field of assisted design from the viewpoint of modelling and in the approach to IT tools by the design path itself. The world and the society are rapidly evolving. Buildings and architectural spaces take on different values and disposition of volumes, often not Euclidean at all. This is due to a meeting point between new tools, able to manage the necessary know how and complexity, and the renovation and transformation thust required by the society. The Politecnico di Milano, Faculty of Architecture and Society, has a strong educational and research tradition on new technologies and computer-assisted design tools. This abstract deals with a research carried out by the CoDE (Cooperative Design Environment) Lab with the students of the "3D Parametric CAAD Design" class (Leonardo Campus-Milano) and " Automatic Drawing for Architectural Design " (Arata Campus-Piacenza), with trainees and dissertationists. Both classes deal with all the subjects concerning CAAD-assisted design, with the aim of teaching students how to work autonomously from the analytical pre-planning phase to the final rendering of the artefact. Subjects of analysis and reconstruction were not the projects, but the already created buildings that supply a wider choice of sources and information. We analyzed the formal, morphological, historical and architectural aspects. For the time being we only deal with Aalto, Botta, Bottoni, Holl, Le Corbusier, Meier, Mies van der Rohe, Niemeyer, Ponti, Terragni and Wright. CAAD Digital Model Archive of CoDE Lab presently boasts more than 250 models. By working with 5 th year senior students of the Master's Degree and Banchelor degree courses, I often wondered how and if they will be able to face the challenges implied in the current architectural framework. We therefore pushed on with the use of technologies, well beyond their original aims. In our survey we highlighted some important issues for the growing and development of a critical analysis of the students. Students choose among the proposed architectures, look for the necessary sources and rebuild the 3D CAAD virtual models. But they must not only rebuild the geometry, but also analyse and deepen at best the primary and fundamental reasons of the investigated architectures. They must understand and express proportions, meanings, dynamics, variations, properties and peculiarities. We especially focused on:  the lack of the "representation scale" concept and its advantages;  the virtualization of the building, which becomes a "complex and overall machine", on which we can carry out any kind of scientific simulations;  the tool plasticity, combined with the digital building virtuality, allowing to simulate situations and events that never took place;  the cancellation of the time factor in the simulation of the real architectural artefact evolution;  the chance to re-analyze architectural modularites, symmetries, proportions of past and present architecture through a three-dimensional scientific verification tool;  the chance to re-analyze and virtually rebuild buildings of the past, trying to understand not only the shape, but also the structural, matter, aggregation, technological and stylistic aspects;  to investigate other aspects that can "arrange" architecture.

Research paper thumbnail of Innovative technological tools for the historical analysis of the city and the territory: researches and new visualizations of the living

The ISTITUTO DI STUDI STORICI SU CITTA', TERRITORIO E PAESAGGI LOCALI (ISSt) (Institute for Histo... more The ISTITUTO DI STUDI STORICI SU CITTA', TERRITORIO E PAESAGGI LOCALI (ISSt) (Institute for Historical Studies on Cities, Territories and Local Landscapes) is a consortium made of Universities, Public Administration, foundation and private authorities, and it has been established in order to innovatively deal with the relationship between city, history and territory. The Institute carries out researches on the historical building of territories, landscapes, urban sites and remarkable buildings of the Piacenza territory. The focus of the Institute activity is to draft and provide iconographical, cartographical, historical-documentary materials for public decision-makers, researchers, students and professionals. These materials are conceived as a support to architectural, town-planning and landscape projects, to local development policies and to the evaluation of local historical-cultural assets. The Institute will contribute to analytical research, to the formulation of plans and projects aimed at giving life to intervention policies on the historical center of Piacenza, on the expected settlement expansion areas, on infrastructural development strategies, on environment and landscape protection and safeguard, on the future of rural building industry and of the northern section of Piacenza, of disused military areas and of the Po river requalification project. Such aims will be achieved through the use of innovative technologies such as CAD tools and 3D architectural and territorial modeling, reconstruction of virtual environments and spaces, 3D GIS and innovative tools for territorial and topographical analysis, total stations and laser scanners for urban space survey and representation, Web tools and shared databases for collaborative work, registration and use.

Research paper thumbnail of 3D Modeling (to understand) Palladio Deconstruction, Reconstruction, Modeling of La Rotonda

—. The teaching workgroup of the CoDE Lab of the Politecnico di Milano has always believed that a... more —. The teaching workgroup of the CoDE Lab of the Politecnico di Milano has always believed that analyzing, deconstructing and reconstructing the architecture teaches a lot in terms of understanding. If the process is done correctly, it entirely retraces the creative dynamics developed by the original designer. Subsequently, the practice we developed in teamwork is to choose a notable architectural work, designed and/or created by a Master of architecture, and to reproduce it in all details: aesthetical-formal, morphological, technological, structural, modular, etc. The final result is a well-developed reconstructed model of great specific interest. The true subject deals with architects of great stature and professional capabilities, who based their work and their career on the application of original "methods", rules and logics representing the foundation of their architecture. This case study deals with a recent research line based on Andrea Palladio's architecture, and especially on his villas. Palladio is one of the most famous and imitated architect of the world and his architecture has deeply affected whole generations of architects. Palladio is also one of the first, and most known, architects-writers and in his books we can get enough information to study and to do a 3D CAAD reconstruction, also of those parts that have never been built.

Research paper thumbnail of Dalle maquettes statiche alla dinamicità del modello informatico (BIM)

La nascita del concetto di modello come è noto si perde negli albori della storia. Si hanno delle... more La nascita del concetto di modello come è noto si perde negli albori della storia. Si hanno delle indicazioni non certe della loro esistenza già nell'impero egizio, mentre è invece certo che ad Atene se ne faceva largo uso. Aristotele in "La costruzione degli Ateniesi" ci dice che il Consiglio dei Cinquecento valutava le proposte di nuovi progetti architettonici cittadini sull'esempio di modelli in scala, e non su disegni. Sappiamo che nell'antica Roma si faceva uso di modelli architettonici in scala realizzati in vario materiale proprio per copiare ed esportare le principali tipologie di opere architettoniche in auge in altre parti dell'Impero ed in particolare nella Capitale; tale flusso fu particolarmente diretto verso le regioni orientali dell'Impero. Nel Medioevo abbiamo ben poche tracce, almeno fino al XI secolo, quando in un documento relativo all'Abbazia di Saint Germain d'Auxerre si fa riferimento ad un modello. Si tratta probabilmente dell'unico caso di questo periodo con dei riscontri oggettivi. E' solo molto più tardi, con la riscoperta del "De Architectura" di Vitruvio, con il Rinascimento, che la cultura della rappresentazione tridimensionale del Modello verrà riscoperta e glorificata al suo massimo livello. Il momento di svolta è, in particolare, individuabile a Firenze tra il 1350 e il 1360, quando si inizia a progettare grandi opere con grandi volte murarie al posto delle consuete coperture a capriate lignee. Si tratta di un momento particolare per l'architettura, soprattutto per quella pubblica. Diverse sono le cause che la generano: la fine dell'esperienza governativa dei Comuni e la nascita delle Signorie che hanno la necessità di affermarsi, di rinnovare, di glorificarsi rispetto ad un passato non sempre limpido; la volontà, e per certi versi la necessità (politica), di ringraziare l'Onnipotente in modo pubblico e palese per aver fatto superare un pesantissimo ciclo di pestilenze conclusosi nel 1348; la nuova volontà di affermazione della Borghesia che richiede una nuova rappresentatività anche nella vita cittadina e che vede nel Palazzo e nella sua facciata un'espressione del raggiunto potere economico (e politico). L'unione delle cause citate porta in particolare alla necessità di poter operare e costruire con celerità, come mai lo fu nel passato. Le Signorie e i regnanti vogliono glorificare se stessi e non i propri successori (al limite i predecessori che legittimavano il loro grado di nobiltà), hanno quindi fretta che i lavori abbiano inizio e procedano speditamente. Hanno altresì necessità di poter vedere e prevedere esattamente l'effetto, l'immagine dell'opera architettonica finita, per poterne valutare appieno l'impatto rispetto al pubblico e alla cittadinanza. 1 Tutto ciò porta anche alla rinascita della rappresentazione tridimensionale attraverso i modelli (maquettes): la volontà di poter mostrare l'oggetto architettonico da parte del committente e la necessità di poterlo spiegare e far comprendere nella sua complessità di macchina costruita alle maestranze. 2 E' dunque a partire da questo periodo che tutti i cantieri delle fabbriche di edifici cittadini di rappresentanza verranno preceduti da un modello, a partire da quelli di Firenze di Brunelleschi, passando per Pavia, Bologna, Milano ed in particolare per Roma, con la Fabbrica di San Pietro che vedrà il più incredibile e straordinario succedersi di architetti e, di conseguenza, di modelli lignei della storia.

Research paper thumbnail of MAQUETTE DIGITALI E LA DINAMICA DEL TEMPO

La rappresentazione dello spazio costruito, quando riferita a progetti (realizzati o meno) dei ma... more La rappresentazione dello spazio costruito, quando riferita a progetti (realizzati o meno) dei maestri del passato, è processo di analisi e comprensione delle forme, delle strutture e delle proporzioni geometrico-spaziali. Annullare il fattore temporale e reimmergersi nelle modalità progettuali e costruttive di un passato più o meno recente è una forma di rivisitazione e di indagine legata ai paradigmi stilistici e agli strumenti progettuali di un’altra epoca.
Rileggere in prospettiva i fattori critici e quelli fondativi delle architetture attraverso la riproduzione di modelli tridimensionali, è immersione in spazi e tecniche costruttive altre, che porta a considerazioni metodologiche più generali sull’oggetto costruito.
Poi, quando possibile, evidenziare il processo evolutivo (non necessariamente degenerativo) rappresenta un livello ulteriore di approfondimento in cui l’opera, l’architettura o lo spazio costruito sono analizzati nella loro evoluzione, nel percorso storico che li ha visti protagonisti e interpreti, di trasformazioni di forma e di uso.
Affrontare questo genere di percorso nella ricerca e nella didattica, con strumenti informatizzati moderni rappresenta un nuovo tipo di comprensione degli intenti progettuali, di coscienza critica delle modalità realizzative del manufatto e dei suoi (eventuali) limiti temporali.

Research paper thumbnail of INTEROPERABILITY STANDARDS AND EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS: SOME CASE STUDIES IN POLITECNICO OF MILAN

The recent progress in CAAD modeling technologies, based on interoperability, opens new scenarios... more The recent progress in CAAD modeling technologies, based on interoperability, opens new scenarios based on the integration of cognitive systems. An important contribution is offered by the progressive integration of technologies for geographical and territorial representation with the recent object-oriented 3D parametrical modeling of buildings and their parts of work. The models representation technology guarantees the interoperability of the objects, through the whole information sets' exchange, in both systems, and the whole merging of the models from the original software context to the digital simulation environment in order to preview its working behavior under real conditions. The Faculty of Architecture at the Politecnico di Milano is leading the implementation of these standards within the institutional educational framework. The recent progress in modeling technologies, based on interoperability, to be primarily installed among the knowledge systems, opens new scenarios based on the integration of cognitive systems in a reading pattern with well-known crossroad nodes, which can explain the reasons of environmental and economical phenomena, generated by the " families of interactions " unfolding among heterogeneous, yet interfering, dimensional scales. An important contribution to this aim is offered by the progressive integration of technologies for geographical and territorial representation with the recent object-oriented 3D parametrical modeling of buildings and their parts of work, down to the required detail level. Industry Foundation Classes is a Open Source Standard language – freely shared by export users – property of International Alliance for Interoperability – Building Smart, an international non-profit organization of researchers, public administrations, software companies, enterprises, professional, experts and universities. The IFC developing standard is already recognized as ISO PAS 16739 – 2005. The long-established link between the research activity of Politecnico di Milano and IAI dates back to the beginning of this century. In 2004 the BEST department (Building Environment Science and Technology) was founded at the Politecnico: it is the Italian Chapter of IAI, which still is the Italian reference structure for this sector. Since then many structures, companies and bodies got involved with IAI. We therefore decided to disclose and to spread the related contents on the national territory. To this aim, the "Education and Training" workgroup has been created in 2006, of which the authors of this article are members. By considering university didactics as one of the main spreading channels of innovative tools and technologies, we decided to activate an immediate feasibility plan for the inclusion into the university institutional didactics. We therefore activated within the Faculty of Architecture a first class, entitled "3D Parametric CAD Design" at the fifth year of the study course. The class has been designed as an introductory overview of the object-oriented three-dimensional interoperable parametric architectural modeling, supported by strictly theoretical stages and wide-ranging operating tutorials carried out in the IT classroom, requiring students to get thoroughly involved.

Research paper thumbnail of MACE – "METADATA FOR ARCHITECTURAL CONTENTS IN EUROPE "

This paper presents MACE project (Metadata for Architectural Contents in Europe) that sets out to... more This paper presents MACE project (Metadata for Architectural Contents in Europe) that sets out to transform the ways of e-learning in architecture and construction in Europe. It will integrate vast amounts of content from diverse repositories created in several large projects in the past, and build a framework for providing community-based services such as finding, acquiring, using and discussing about e-learning contents that were previously not reachable. Furthermore, MACE aims at providing innovative tools to search, create content and enrich it with new metadata, which can be used to support different learning scenarios. Several kinds of metadata are used in these tools to provide different perspectives on the learning content, and find new ways to combine them.

Research paper thumbnail of Software interoperabili e Bim. Le potenzialità rappresentative del modello digitale nel progetto di architettura

Territorio, 2006

La gestione della complessità è da sempre un compito arduo nel progetto di architettura, sia nell... more La gestione della complessità è da sempre un compito arduo nel progetto di architettura, sia nella fase euristica, che in quella preliminare, in quella definitiva che, infine, in quella realizzativa. La rappresentazione è sempre stato il processo di codifica, il linguaggio espressivo utilizzato per stemperare i problemi di comprensione e gestione del progetto e del processo edilizio. Brunelleschi nel 1420 utilizzò la sua famosa maquette lignea per illustrare il progetto della cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore. Lo utilizzò sia con la committenza, per illustrarne le caratteristiche, l'aspetto e i pregi, che con le sue maestranze, per illustrare il processo costruttivo, le componenti edilizie e l'assemblaggio in cantiere. Sicuramente fu utile a lui stesso per progettarne il lungo iter realizzativo fino a portarlo a inventare gli strumenti necessari per poter realizzare un progetto tanto ardito: la più grande cupola del mondo. Ora, per la gestione degli attuali livelli di complessità e per la corretta progettazione e realizzazione delle architetture più tecnologicamente innovative, le problematiche non solo cambiate; in fondo ci si muove sempre nel campo della sperimentazione. Forse è cambiato il livello di scala dei problemi, essendo profondamente cambiato anche il concetto di edificio stesso. La soluzione ora pare essere stata trovata attraverso strumenti che superano il Caad, non gestendo solo la rappresentazione del progetto sotto forma di tavole tecniche, ma che creano un modello in grado di inglobare, gestire e risolvere aspetti rappresentativi, architettonici, compositivi, strutturali, impiantistici e normativi. È il fare architettura, il progettare con questi strumenti che implica un approccio diverso, alla logica del modello, alla manipolazione degli oggetti e dei componenti. La particolarità dell'assemblare elementi architettonici per costruire un modello virtuale che rappresenta in tutti gli aspetti l'oggetto reale, cambia l'approccio creativo e di contenuto al progetto stesso. La rappresentazione del progetto e del processo di produzione edilizia che si ottiene utilizzando programmi interoperabili è profondamente diverso. Da alcuni anni la Iai (International Alliance for Interoperability) sta lavorando alla diffusione del concetto di interoperabilità e delle procedure ad essa connesse. Si tratta di una associazione internazionale non a fini di lucro che vede tra i suoi associati organi formativi educazionali, settori di ricerca industriale pubblica e privata, software house e società di * Dall'autunno 2005, l'autore è stato nominato referente del Diap presso il Capitolo Italiano, cui il Dipartimento si è associato, e dall'inizio del 2006 è stato nominato dalla Iai Coordinatore del Gruppo di Lavoro Education and Training (con l'arch. Elena Bogani). L'incarico prevede il monitoraggio della diffusione e della divulgazione di questi strumenti, a livello nazionale, sia nel mondo accademico, che in quello professionale. Oltre al ruolo di coordinamento è prevista anche una partecipazione attiva alla disseminazione delle potenzialità di questi strumenti attraverso la realizzazione di attività, eventi e seminari.

Research paper thumbnail of Software interoperabili e Bim. Le potenzialità rappresentative del modello digitale nel progetto di architettura

Research paper thumbnail of Metodi di visualizzazione innovativi nelle informazioni. Il caso dello stock market

Research paper thumbnail of Published in association with SIGS Books

This edition © Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing) 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Published in association with SIGS Books

This edition © Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing) 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Interoperability standards and educational projects: some case studies in Politecnico of Milan

The recent progress in CAAD modeling technologies, based on interoperability, opens new scenarios... more The recent progress in CAAD modeling technologies, based on interoperability, opens new scenarios based on the integration of cognitive systems. An important contribution is offered by the progressive integration of technologies for geographical and territorial representation with the recent object-oriented 3D parametrical modeling of buildings and their parts of work. The models representation technology guarantees the interoperability of the objects, through the whole information sets' exchange, in both systems, and the whole merging of the models from the original software context to the digital simulation environment in order to preview its working behavior under real conditions. The Faculty of Architecture at the Politecnico di Milano is leading the implementation of these standards within the institutional educational framework. The recent progress in modeling technologies, based on interoperability, to be primarily installed among the knowledge systems, opens new scenarios based on the integration of cognitive systems in a reading pattern with well-known crossroad nodes, which can explain the reasons of environmental and economical phenomena, generated by the " families of interactions " unfolding among heterogeneous, yet interfering, dimensional scales. An important contribution to this aim is offered by the progressive integration of technologies for geographical and territorial representation with the recent object-oriented 3D parametrical modeling of buildings and their parts of work, down to the required detail level. Industry Foundation Classes is a Open Source Standard language – freely shared by export users – property of International Alliance for Interoperability – Building Smart, an international non-profit organization of researchers, public administrations, software companies, enterprises, professional, experts and universities. The IFC developing standard is already recognized as ISO PAS 16739 – 2005. The long-established link between the research activity of Politecnico di Milano and IAI dates back to the beginning of this century. In 2004 the BEST department (Building Environment Science and Technology) was founded at the Politecnico: it is the Italian Chapter of IAI, which still is the Italian reference structure for this sector. Since then many structures, companies and bodies got involved with IAI. We therefore decided to disclose and to spread the related contents on the national territory. To this aim, the "Education and Training" workgroup has been created in 2006, of which the authors of this article are members. By considering university didactics as one of the main spreading channels of innovative tools and technologies, we decided to activate an immediate feasibility plan for the inclusion into the university institutional didactics. We therefore activated within the Faculty of Architecture a first class, entitled "3D Parametric CAD Design" at the fifth year of the study course. The class has been designed as an introductory overview of the object-oriented three-dimensional interoperable parametric architectural modeling, supported by strictly theoretical stages and wide-ranging operating tutorials carried out in the IT classroom, requiring students to get thoroughly involved.

Research paper thumbnail of MACE-Metadata for Architectural contents in Europe

CIB W102 3rd International Conference" Information …, 2007

The MACE project sets out to transform the ways of e-learning about architecture in Europe. It wi... more The MACE project sets out to transform the ways of e-learning about architecture in Europe. It will integrate vast amounts of content from diverse repositories created in several large previous projects as well as from existing architectural design communities. MACE will provide a framework for community based services such as finding, acquiring, using and discussing about e-learning contents that were previously reachable only to small user groups. The project builds on top of several projects about e-learning and architecture. Content and technology of these projects constitute the base for developing the MACE services. Additional content will be acquired by project partners who have access to a large number of content providers or are themselves universities dealing with architecture and design. Metadata is the key for searching, finding and using all kinds of content. Poor or no metadata hinders the public to find and use content and to benefit from existing knowledge. MACE develops and uses several types of metadata for tagging contents: content metadata, context metadata, competence and learning process metadata, usage related metadata and social metadata. Enriching and processing this new created metadata, MACE will enable the access to various repositories spread all over Europe. The project addresses the multicultural and multilingual issues resulting thereof and creates working solutions for sharing contents across borders.

Research paper thumbnail of 3D Digital Caad Maquettes. A Critical Survey Practice on the Architecture Masterworks to Understand Meanings, Forms, Geometry, Functionality and Structures

During the last few years there has been a whole series of notable transformations in the field o... more During the last few years there has been a whole series of notable transformations in the field of assisted design from the viewpoint of modelling and in the approach to IT tools by the design path itself. The world and the society are rapidly evolving. Buildings and architectural spaces take on different values and disposition of volumes, often not Euclidean at all. This is due to a meeting point between new tools, able to manage the necessary know how and complexity, and the renovation and transformation thust required by the society. The Politecnico di Milano, Faculty of Architecture and Society, has a strong educational and research tradition on new technologies and computer-assisted design tools. This abstract deals with a research carried out by the CoDE (Cooperative Design Environment) Lab with the students of the "3D Parametric CAAD Design" class (Leonardo Campus-Milano) and " Automatic Drawing for Architectural Design " (Arata Campus-Piacenza), with trainees and dissertationists. Both classes deal with all the subjects concerning CAAD-assisted design, with the aim of teaching students how to work autonomously from the analytical pre-planning phase to the final rendering of the artefact. Subjects of analysis and reconstruction were not the projects, but the already created buildings that supply a wider choice of sources and information. We analyzed the formal, morphological, historical and architectural aspects. For the time being we only deal with Aalto, Botta, Bottoni, Holl, Le Corbusier, Meier, Mies van der Rohe, Niemeyer, Ponti, Terragni and Wright. CAAD Digital Model Archive of CoDE Lab presently boasts more than 250 models. By working with 5 th year senior students of the Master's Degree and Banchelor degree courses, I often wondered how and if they will be able to face the challenges implied in the current architectural framework. We therefore pushed on with the use of technologies, well beyond their original aims. In our survey we highlighted some important issues for the growing and development of a critical analysis of the students. Students choose among the proposed architectures, look for the necessary sources and rebuild the 3D CAAD virtual models. But they must not only rebuild the geometry, but also analyse and deepen at best the primary and fundamental reasons of the investigated architectures. They must understand and express proportions, meanings, dynamics, variations, properties and peculiarities. We especially focused on:  the lack of the "representation scale" concept and its advantages;  the virtualization of the building, which becomes a "complex and overall machine", on which we can carry out any kind of scientific simulations;  the tool plasticity, combined with the digital building virtuality, allowing to simulate situations and events that never took place;  the cancellation of the time factor in the simulation of the real architectural artefact evolution;  the chance to re-analyze architectural modularites, symmetries, proportions of past and present architecture through a three-dimensional scientific verification tool;  the chance to re-analyze and virtually rebuild buildings of the past, trying to understand not only the shape, but also the structural, matter, aggregation, technological and stylistic aspects;  to investigate other aspects that can "arrange" architecture.

Research paper thumbnail of Metodi di visualizzazione innovativi nelle informazioni. Il caso dello stock market

Research paper thumbnail of Software interoperabili e Bim. Le potenzialità rappresentative del modello digitale nel progetto di architettura

Research paper thumbnail of An analysis and critical investigation practice

The Cooperative Design Environment Laboratory (CoDE Lab) is carrying out a research with students... more The Cooperative Design Environment Laboratory (CoDE Lab) is carrying out a research with students, trainees and seniors who have previously participated to CAAD-assisted design courses. These courses were developed with the aim of making participants independent from the pre-analytical phase project to the renderings of the final artifact. The programs that have been used so far are Autodesk Revit, Graphisoft Archicad and Nemetschek Allplan.The teaching workgroup has always believed that analyzing, deconstructing and reconstructing the architecture teaches much in terms of understanding. If the process is done correctly, it entirely re-traces the creative dynamics developed by the original designer. Subsequently, the educational practice is to choose a notable architectural work, designed and/or created by a Master of architecture, and to reproduce it in all details: aesthetical-formal, morphological, technological, structural, modular, etc. The final result is an archive of welldev...

Research paper thumbnail of T2. Trasmettere la venustas DECOSTRUI RE – E RICOSTRUIRE – LA VENUSTAS VITRUVIANA

Introduzione To define venustas, we must reconsider the meaning of the vitruvian triad.

Research paper thumbnail of The PiacenzaLabs repository, a MACE EU project application

MACE is a European research project which aims to develop methodologies of e-learning in architec... more MACE is a European research project which aims to develop methodologies of e-learning in architecture, integrating and implementing the report a lot of content already stored in database created and developed in other projects, including European. The system indexing the Learning Object in according to an approach that is based on the characteristics of the media itself and on the content and concepts that are housed in it. MACE will provide end users a service targeted to the research, acquisition, use and discussion on content reserved only a first small community of users. The development environment is that IT and especially that of Metadata. The project is to evolve simple digital containers to a collaborative environment and support the design and teaching. The project uses different types of metadata to classify content: metadata traditional ontological, contextual, related to skills, etc.. Research has focused primarily on developing a system capable of recognizing and cataloging digital content in various repositories and the definition of the characteristics that the metadata related to any content, had to have. The Application Profile is based on thesauri and classification systems and is an extension of the LOM Standard. Another aspect is the application of concepts and technologies to emerging MACE Repository PiacenzaLabs of the Piacenza Campus. The contribution is intended to amend and broaden the disciplinary and cultural references of MACE compared to architecture, to the disciplines of planning, the design of urban space, and wants to be a case study of the project, a scale and in a the papers recently definition.

Research paper thumbnail of 3D DIGITAL CAAD MAQUETTES. A CRITICAL SURVEY PRACTICE ON THE ARCHITECTURE MASTERWORKS TO UNDERSTAND MEANINGS, FORMS, GEOMETRY, FUNCTIONALITY AND STRUCTURES

During the last few years there has been a whole series of notable transformations in the field o... more During the last few years there has been a whole series of notable transformations in the field of assisted design from the viewpoint of modelling and in the approach to IT tools by the design path itself. The world and the society are rapidly evolving. Buildings and architectural spaces take on different values and disposition of volumes, often not Euclidean at all. This is due to a meeting point between new tools, able to manage the necessary know how and complexity, and the renovation and transformation thust required by the society. The Politecnico di Milano, Faculty of Architecture and Society, has a strong educational and research tradition on new technologies and computer-assisted design tools. This abstract deals with a research carried out by the CoDE (Cooperative Design Environment) Lab with the students of the "3D Parametric CAAD Design" class (Leonardo Campus-Milano) and " Automatic Drawing for Architectural Design " (Arata Campus-Piacenza), with trainees and dissertationists. Both classes deal with all the subjects concerning CAAD-assisted design, with the aim of teaching students how to work autonomously from the analytical pre-planning phase to the final rendering of the artefact. Subjects of analysis and reconstruction were not the projects, but the already created buildings that supply a wider choice of sources and information. We analyzed the formal, morphological, historical and architectural aspects. For the time being we only deal with Aalto, Botta, Bottoni, Holl, Le Corbusier, Meier, Mies van der Rohe, Niemeyer, Ponti, Terragni and Wright. CAAD Digital Model Archive of CoDE Lab presently boasts more than 250 models. By working with 5 th year senior students of the Master's Degree and Banchelor degree courses, I often wondered how and if they will be able to face the challenges implied in the current architectural framework. We therefore pushed on with the use of technologies, well beyond their original aims. In our survey we highlighted some important issues for the growing and development of a critical analysis of the students. Students choose among the proposed architectures, look for the necessary sources and rebuild the 3D CAAD virtual models. But they must not only rebuild the geometry, but also analyse and deepen at best the primary and fundamental reasons of the investigated architectures. They must understand and express proportions, meanings, dynamics, variations, properties and peculiarities. We especially focused on:  the lack of the "representation scale" concept and its advantages;  the virtualization of the building, which becomes a "complex and overall machine", on which we can carry out any kind of scientific simulations;  the tool plasticity, combined with the digital building virtuality, allowing to simulate situations and events that never took place;  the cancellation of the time factor in the simulation of the real architectural artefact evolution;  the chance to re-analyze architectural modularites, symmetries, proportions of past and present architecture through a three-dimensional scientific verification tool;  the chance to re-analyze and virtually rebuild buildings of the past, trying to understand not only the shape, but also the structural, matter, aggregation, technological and stylistic aspects;  to investigate other aspects that can "arrange" architecture.

Research paper thumbnail of Innovative technological tools for the historical analysis of the city and the territory: researches and new visualizations of the living

The ISTITUTO DI STUDI STORICI SU CITTA', TERRITORIO E PAESAGGI LOCALI (ISSt) (Institute for Histo... more The ISTITUTO DI STUDI STORICI SU CITTA', TERRITORIO E PAESAGGI LOCALI (ISSt) (Institute for Historical Studies on Cities, Territories and Local Landscapes) is a consortium made of Universities, Public Administration, foundation and private authorities, and it has been established in order to innovatively deal with the relationship between city, history and territory. The Institute carries out researches on the historical building of territories, landscapes, urban sites and remarkable buildings of the Piacenza territory. The focus of the Institute activity is to draft and provide iconographical, cartographical, historical-documentary materials for public decision-makers, researchers, students and professionals. These materials are conceived as a support to architectural, town-planning and landscape projects, to local development policies and to the evaluation of local historical-cultural assets. The Institute will contribute to analytical research, to the formulation of plans and projects aimed at giving life to intervention policies on the historical center of Piacenza, on the expected settlement expansion areas, on infrastructural development strategies, on environment and landscape protection and safeguard, on the future of rural building industry and of the northern section of Piacenza, of disused military areas and of the Po river requalification project. Such aims will be achieved through the use of innovative technologies such as CAD tools and 3D architectural and territorial modeling, reconstruction of virtual environments and spaces, 3D GIS and innovative tools for territorial and topographical analysis, total stations and laser scanners for urban space survey and representation, Web tools and shared databases for collaborative work, registration and use.

Research paper thumbnail of 3D Modeling (to understand) Palladio Deconstruction, Reconstruction, Modeling of La Rotonda

—. The teaching workgroup of the CoDE Lab of the Politecnico di Milano has always believed that a... more —. The teaching workgroup of the CoDE Lab of the Politecnico di Milano has always believed that analyzing, deconstructing and reconstructing the architecture teaches a lot in terms of understanding. If the process is done correctly, it entirely retraces the creative dynamics developed by the original designer. Subsequently, the practice we developed in teamwork is to choose a notable architectural work, designed and/or created by a Master of architecture, and to reproduce it in all details: aesthetical-formal, morphological, technological, structural, modular, etc. The final result is a well-developed reconstructed model of great specific interest. The true subject deals with architects of great stature and professional capabilities, who based their work and their career on the application of original "methods", rules and logics representing the foundation of their architecture. This case study deals with a recent research line based on Andrea Palladio's architecture, and especially on his villas. Palladio is one of the most famous and imitated architect of the world and his architecture has deeply affected whole generations of architects. Palladio is also one of the first, and most known, architects-writers and in his books we can get enough information to study and to do a 3D CAAD reconstruction, also of those parts that have never been built.

Research paper thumbnail of Dalle maquettes statiche alla dinamicità del modello informatico (BIM)

La nascita del concetto di modello come è noto si perde negli albori della storia. Si hanno delle... more La nascita del concetto di modello come è noto si perde negli albori della storia. Si hanno delle indicazioni non certe della loro esistenza già nell'impero egizio, mentre è invece certo che ad Atene se ne faceva largo uso. Aristotele in "La costruzione degli Ateniesi" ci dice che il Consiglio dei Cinquecento valutava le proposte di nuovi progetti architettonici cittadini sull'esempio di modelli in scala, e non su disegni. Sappiamo che nell'antica Roma si faceva uso di modelli architettonici in scala realizzati in vario materiale proprio per copiare ed esportare le principali tipologie di opere architettoniche in auge in altre parti dell'Impero ed in particolare nella Capitale; tale flusso fu particolarmente diretto verso le regioni orientali dell'Impero. Nel Medioevo abbiamo ben poche tracce, almeno fino al XI secolo, quando in un documento relativo all'Abbazia di Saint Germain d'Auxerre si fa riferimento ad un modello. Si tratta probabilmente dell'unico caso di questo periodo con dei riscontri oggettivi. E' solo molto più tardi, con la riscoperta del "De Architectura" di Vitruvio, con il Rinascimento, che la cultura della rappresentazione tridimensionale del Modello verrà riscoperta e glorificata al suo massimo livello. Il momento di svolta è, in particolare, individuabile a Firenze tra il 1350 e il 1360, quando si inizia a progettare grandi opere con grandi volte murarie al posto delle consuete coperture a capriate lignee. Si tratta di un momento particolare per l'architettura, soprattutto per quella pubblica. Diverse sono le cause che la generano: la fine dell'esperienza governativa dei Comuni e la nascita delle Signorie che hanno la necessità di affermarsi, di rinnovare, di glorificarsi rispetto ad un passato non sempre limpido; la volontà, e per certi versi la necessità (politica), di ringraziare l'Onnipotente in modo pubblico e palese per aver fatto superare un pesantissimo ciclo di pestilenze conclusosi nel 1348; la nuova volontà di affermazione della Borghesia che richiede una nuova rappresentatività anche nella vita cittadina e che vede nel Palazzo e nella sua facciata un'espressione del raggiunto potere economico (e politico). L'unione delle cause citate porta in particolare alla necessità di poter operare e costruire con celerità, come mai lo fu nel passato. Le Signorie e i regnanti vogliono glorificare se stessi e non i propri successori (al limite i predecessori che legittimavano il loro grado di nobiltà), hanno quindi fretta che i lavori abbiano inizio e procedano speditamente. Hanno altresì necessità di poter vedere e prevedere esattamente l'effetto, l'immagine dell'opera architettonica finita, per poterne valutare appieno l'impatto rispetto al pubblico e alla cittadinanza. 1 Tutto ciò porta anche alla rinascita della rappresentazione tridimensionale attraverso i modelli (maquettes): la volontà di poter mostrare l'oggetto architettonico da parte del committente e la necessità di poterlo spiegare e far comprendere nella sua complessità di macchina costruita alle maestranze. 2 E' dunque a partire da questo periodo che tutti i cantieri delle fabbriche di edifici cittadini di rappresentanza verranno preceduti da un modello, a partire da quelli di Firenze di Brunelleschi, passando per Pavia, Bologna, Milano ed in particolare per Roma, con la Fabbrica di San Pietro che vedrà il più incredibile e straordinario succedersi di architetti e, di conseguenza, di modelli lignei della storia.

Research paper thumbnail of MAQUETTE DIGITALI E LA DINAMICA DEL TEMPO

La rappresentazione dello spazio costruito, quando riferita a progetti (realizzati o meno) dei ma... more La rappresentazione dello spazio costruito, quando riferita a progetti (realizzati o meno) dei maestri del passato, è processo di analisi e comprensione delle forme, delle strutture e delle proporzioni geometrico-spaziali. Annullare il fattore temporale e reimmergersi nelle modalità progettuali e costruttive di un passato più o meno recente è una forma di rivisitazione e di indagine legata ai paradigmi stilistici e agli strumenti progettuali di un’altra epoca.
Rileggere in prospettiva i fattori critici e quelli fondativi delle architetture attraverso la riproduzione di modelli tridimensionali, è immersione in spazi e tecniche costruttive altre, che porta a considerazioni metodologiche più generali sull’oggetto costruito.
Poi, quando possibile, evidenziare il processo evolutivo (non necessariamente degenerativo) rappresenta un livello ulteriore di approfondimento in cui l’opera, l’architettura o lo spazio costruito sono analizzati nella loro evoluzione, nel percorso storico che li ha visti protagonisti e interpreti, di trasformazioni di forma e di uso.
Affrontare questo genere di percorso nella ricerca e nella didattica, con strumenti informatizzati moderni rappresenta un nuovo tipo di comprensione degli intenti progettuali, di coscienza critica delle modalità realizzative del manufatto e dei suoi (eventuali) limiti temporali.

Research paper thumbnail of INTEROPERABILITY STANDARDS AND EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS: SOME CASE STUDIES IN POLITECNICO OF MILAN

The recent progress in CAAD modeling technologies, based on interoperability, opens new scenarios... more The recent progress in CAAD modeling technologies, based on interoperability, opens new scenarios based on the integration of cognitive systems. An important contribution is offered by the progressive integration of technologies for geographical and territorial representation with the recent object-oriented 3D parametrical modeling of buildings and their parts of work. The models representation technology guarantees the interoperability of the objects, through the whole information sets' exchange, in both systems, and the whole merging of the models from the original software context to the digital simulation environment in order to preview its working behavior under real conditions. The Faculty of Architecture at the Politecnico di Milano is leading the implementation of these standards within the institutional educational framework. The recent progress in modeling technologies, based on interoperability, to be primarily installed among the knowledge systems, opens new scenarios based on the integration of cognitive systems in a reading pattern with well-known crossroad nodes, which can explain the reasons of environmental and economical phenomena, generated by the " families of interactions " unfolding among heterogeneous, yet interfering, dimensional scales. An important contribution to this aim is offered by the progressive integration of technologies for geographical and territorial representation with the recent object-oriented 3D parametrical modeling of buildings and their parts of work, down to the required detail level. Industry Foundation Classes is a Open Source Standard language – freely shared by export users – property of International Alliance for Interoperability – Building Smart, an international non-profit organization of researchers, public administrations, software companies, enterprises, professional, experts and universities. The IFC developing standard is already recognized as ISO PAS 16739 – 2005. The long-established link between the research activity of Politecnico di Milano and IAI dates back to the beginning of this century. In 2004 the BEST department (Building Environment Science and Technology) was founded at the Politecnico: it is the Italian Chapter of IAI, which still is the Italian reference structure for this sector. Since then many structures, companies and bodies got involved with IAI. We therefore decided to disclose and to spread the related contents on the national territory. To this aim, the "Education and Training" workgroup has been created in 2006, of which the authors of this article are members. By considering university didactics as one of the main spreading channels of innovative tools and technologies, we decided to activate an immediate feasibility plan for the inclusion into the university institutional didactics. We therefore activated within the Faculty of Architecture a first class, entitled "3D Parametric CAD Design" at the fifth year of the study course. The class has been designed as an introductory overview of the object-oriented three-dimensional interoperable parametric architectural modeling, supported by strictly theoretical stages and wide-ranging operating tutorials carried out in the IT classroom, requiring students to get thoroughly involved.

Research paper thumbnail of MACE – "METADATA FOR ARCHITECTURAL CONTENTS IN EUROPE "

This paper presents MACE project (Metadata for Architectural Contents in Europe) that sets out to... more This paper presents MACE project (Metadata for Architectural Contents in Europe) that sets out to transform the ways of e-learning in architecture and construction in Europe. It will integrate vast amounts of content from diverse repositories created in several large projects in the past, and build a framework for providing community-based services such as finding, acquiring, using and discussing about e-learning contents that were previously not reachable. Furthermore, MACE aims at providing innovative tools to search, create content and enrich it with new metadata, which can be used to support different learning scenarios. Several kinds of metadata are used in these tools to provide different perspectives on the learning content, and find new ways to combine them.

Research paper thumbnail of Software interoperabili e Bim. Le potenzialità rappresentative del modello digitale nel progetto di architettura

Territorio, 2006

La gestione della complessità è da sempre un compito arduo nel progetto di architettura, sia nell... more La gestione della complessità è da sempre un compito arduo nel progetto di architettura, sia nella fase euristica, che in quella preliminare, in quella definitiva che, infine, in quella realizzativa. La rappresentazione è sempre stato il processo di codifica, il linguaggio espressivo utilizzato per stemperare i problemi di comprensione e gestione del progetto e del processo edilizio. Brunelleschi nel 1420 utilizzò la sua famosa maquette lignea per illustrare il progetto della cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore. Lo utilizzò sia con la committenza, per illustrarne le caratteristiche, l'aspetto e i pregi, che con le sue maestranze, per illustrare il processo costruttivo, le componenti edilizie e l'assemblaggio in cantiere. Sicuramente fu utile a lui stesso per progettarne il lungo iter realizzativo fino a portarlo a inventare gli strumenti necessari per poter realizzare un progetto tanto ardito: la più grande cupola del mondo. Ora, per la gestione degli attuali livelli di complessità e per la corretta progettazione e realizzazione delle architetture più tecnologicamente innovative, le problematiche non solo cambiate; in fondo ci si muove sempre nel campo della sperimentazione. Forse è cambiato il livello di scala dei problemi, essendo profondamente cambiato anche il concetto di edificio stesso. La soluzione ora pare essere stata trovata attraverso strumenti che superano il Caad, non gestendo solo la rappresentazione del progetto sotto forma di tavole tecniche, ma che creano un modello in grado di inglobare, gestire e risolvere aspetti rappresentativi, architettonici, compositivi, strutturali, impiantistici e normativi. È il fare architettura, il progettare con questi strumenti che implica un approccio diverso, alla logica del modello, alla manipolazione degli oggetti e dei componenti. La particolarità dell'assemblare elementi architettonici per costruire un modello virtuale che rappresenta in tutti gli aspetti l'oggetto reale, cambia l'approccio creativo e di contenuto al progetto stesso. La rappresentazione del progetto e del processo di produzione edilizia che si ottiene utilizzando programmi interoperabili è profondamente diverso. Da alcuni anni la Iai (International Alliance for Interoperability) sta lavorando alla diffusione del concetto di interoperabilità e delle procedure ad essa connesse. Si tratta di una associazione internazionale non a fini di lucro che vede tra i suoi associati organi formativi educazionali, settori di ricerca industriale pubblica e privata, software house e società di * Dall'autunno 2005, l'autore è stato nominato referente del Diap presso il Capitolo Italiano, cui il Dipartimento si è associato, e dall'inizio del 2006 è stato nominato dalla Iai Coordinatore del Gruppo di Lavoro Education and Training (con l'arch. Elena Bogani). L'incarico prevede il monitoraggio della diffusione e della divulgazione di questi strumenti, a livello nazionale, sia nel mondo accademico, che in quello professionale. Oltre al ruolo di coordinamento è prevista anche una partecipazione attiva alla disseminazione delle potenzialità di questi strumenti attraverso la realizzazione di attività, eventi e seminari.

Research paper thumbnail of Other (important) Commercial animation software companies

La dinamica evolutiva del 3D e della rappresentazione 3D

Research paper thumbnail of Evoluzione della Modellazione in 3D

L'evoluzione della modellazione tridimensionale dagli albori ad oggi attraverso una cavalcata vis... more L'evoluzione della modellazione tridimensionale dagli albori ad oggi attraverso una cavalcata visuale e multimediale delle sue trasformazioni

Research paper thumbnail of Formazione e software interoperabili: casi studio e riflessioni

La diffusione e disseminazione dei programmi legati al concetto di interoperabilità sono uno dei ... more La diffusione e disseminazione dei programmi legati al concetto di interoperabilità sono uno dei campi primari di attività, assieme alla ricerca vera e propria, della IAI (International Alliance for Interoperability), un'associazione internazionale non a fini di lucro, con numerosissime attività e gruppi di lavoro in ogni continente. Sono, di conseguenza, stati istituiti in moltissimi paesi dei Capitoli che si occupano in maniera puntuale della localizzazione dei concetti IAI a livello nazionale avendo così una maggior conoscenza dei settori specifici di sviluppo locali. Solo di recente, nel 2005, è stato fondato il Capitolo Italiano, con sede al Politecnico di Milano, presso il BEST (Building Environment Science & Technology Department) 1 .