Maryam Moayery Nia | Politecnico di Milano (original) (raw)

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اين نوشتار بر اين فرض استوار است كه ساختار مرزبنديهاي شهري و تصوير آن در ذهن انسان در طول تاريخ د... more اين نوشتار بر اين فرض استوار است كه ساختار مرزبنديهاي شهري و تصوير آن در ذهن انسان در طول تاريخ درحال تغيير بوده و به تدريج از مفهومي دقيق و جدي به مفهومي بازتر و تقريبيتر تبديل شده است. اين فرضيه كه براساس شواهد و قرائن بسياري در فرهنگها و كشورهاي مختلف قابل پيگيري است، نتيجه مطالعه جامعي است كه توسط مولفين در قالبي جداگانه مورد بررسي قرارگرفته و مختصري از نتايج آن در مقاله حاضر گنجانده خواهدشد. نكته شايان توجه درمورد فرهنگ ايراني، تغييرات اساسي مفهوم مرزبندي در طول ساليان براي مردمان اين فرهنگ بوده كه گهگاه حتي منجر به سردرگمي شهروندان در تشخيص حدود محلهها و محدودههاي زيستي خود شدهاست. جالبتر اين كه ميزان تغييرات براي شهروند ايراني در خلال حكومت پهلوي و پس از آن با ظهور انقلاب اسلامي بسيار پرسرعت و البته در برخي وجوه تناوبي است. باتوجه به عدم امكان انجام تحقيق ميداني براي مولفين، نوشتار حاضر خواهد كوشيد با تكيه بر مولفه هاي تاثيرگذارتر مانند عبورومرور سواره و پياده دركنار حقايق عيني در آينه هاي تجلي فرهنگ معاصر – مانند نقاشي، عكاسي، موسيقي و البته معماري – به بررسي تغييرات مفهوم مرزيندي براي شهروند ايراني بپردازد و در بستري تاريخي آن را با نمونه هاي مشابه در فرهنگ هاي ديگر مقايسه نمايد. نتيجه مي تواند شكلگيري مولفه جديدي در مطالعات محيطي ما و توجه بيشتر پژوهشگران به مفهوم مرزبنديها به عنوان يكي از سنگ بناهاي اصلي محيط مصنوع باشد.

Every architect or urban designer uses many presumptions for his/her designs. These initial and o... more Every architect or urban designer uses many presumptions for his/her designs. These initial and often unwritten rules may include aesthetic regulations, desirability essentialities, static codes, etc. It is more than half of a century that we did not review many of our initial assumptions, and some of them are already obsolete.
The way we perceive our environment is one of the most important bases for all visual arts and practices. Certainly, proving such shift in such a basic concept neither is easy, nor fits in this brief writing. Hence, all represented here is a series of instances, coincidences and witnesses from different fields of study such as painting, literature, and mathematics, which all together may echo the deep fact underneath, and encourage more planned studies for examining reliability of the claims expressed.
This script will focus on a concept which fits in the category of environmental identifiers, boundaries, and will try to find out if this concept has changed in people`s mind during time. And if it has, to which extent this change can affect the field of architecture and urban design?
If this script reveals that the answer to our question can be yes and the concept of boundary has changed, the bigger question will arise: What other beliefs in the contemporary education and practice of architecture and urban design are outdated?
And finally if those concepts are going to change periodically, should we get suspicious about our research methods and instruments or we can rely on them just like 50 years ago?

منظر طبیعی در یک شهر شبکه به هم پیچیده¬ای از عناصر طبیعی است که عناصری نظیر دره¬ها، کوهها، تپه¬ها... more منظر طبیعی در یک شهر شبکه به هم پیچیده¬ای از عناصر طبیعی است که عناصری نظیر دره¬ها، کوهها، تپه¬ها، مسیلها، رودخانه ها، مسیرهای آب، پارکهای شهری، مناطق سبز حفاظت شده و ... را در بر می¬گیرد. این عناصر تاثیرات اکولوژیکی بسزایی در شهر ایفا می-کنند. این شبکه های سبز میتوانند در حفظ محیط طبیعی، حفاظت از انواع گونه های گیاهی، سلامتی ساکنین و همچنین گونه هایی از حمل¬ونقل موثر واقع گردند که همگی بر روی افزایش کیفی و کمی مطلوبیت فضا برای ساکنین شهرها بسیار موثر است.
یکی از روشهای بهبود کیفی و کمی این شبکه های سبز ترکیب و هماهنگی انها با سایر لایه¬ها و شبکه¬های شهری نظیر لایه¬های اجتماعی، فرهنگی، تاریخی، اقتصادی و حرکتی در شهرهای امروزی است که باعث ایجاد پیوستگی در کل شهر در مقیاس کلان و میان عناصر شهری در مقیاس خرد چه از نقطه نظر طبیعی و چه مصنوعی میگردد.
در این مقاله سعی بر ان است در ابتدا سبزراه ها به عنوان بخشی از منظر طبیعی در شهر تعریف شده و محاسن و فواید انها در جوامع شهری امروزی بر اساس محورهای توسعه پایدار مطرح گردد. سپس در نظر است تا الگویی برای ایجاد هماهنگی در شهر بر اساس این شبکه های سبز با سایر لایه های موجود در آن ارائه گردد.

Natural landscape in a city is a complex network of the natural elements which consists of elements such as stream valleys, mountains, hills, the watercourses, rivers, water trails, urban parks, green protected areas …. These elements play significant ecological impacts. These green networks can be effective in preserving the natural environment, protecting biodiversity, human health as well as some kinds of transportation which all of them will improve the quality and quantity of citizens` desirability of space.
One of the ways to improve quality and quantity of these green networks is to integrate and combine them with other layers and networks in city such as social, cultural, economic and mobility layers in today cities which will provide connectivity in whole of the city at upper scale and between elements at lower scale from both natural and artificial features.
In this article at first we try to define greenways as a part of natural landscape through the city and then to mention the most common advantages and benefits of them based on sustainable development aspects. Then it is considered to provide a guideline to integrate the whole city through connecting green networks as the natural landscape with other layers of the city as mentioned above.

Any climate & ecology in Iran has brought up unique tradition thinking, living and constructing. ... more Any climate & ecology in Iran has brought up unique tradition thinking, living and constructing. Unfortunately, typological studies mostly consider shapes and not the attitudes, which create them. If we divide the land by the Alborz mountains it`s obvious that not only the climate in two sides is not the same but also life style and construction tradition is completely different.
At the south region cities are shaped in flats or foothills basis and spread radially almost in each direction around the water resources or other historical centers. Neighborhoods and houses follow the same pattern too and shape central voids with all spaces around them.
On the other hand, northern cities are based on linear resources of attraction like the seashore, rivers or touristic roads. In fact, the organization of traditional houses in many parts of this region follows this pattern; a main terrace which hosts most important functions lines up all other spaces along it.
For people of the Iran`s central flat, concept of center is defined in a radial arrangement which its borders are decorated facades in all scales and roads are boarders which surround, limit and define any space in house, neighborhood or city. Inversely, for the habitants of north, center is a linear concept, which provides many advantages (naturally or economically) and roads as linear objects reflect more an image of a center rather than a border.
Disaster will occur exactly when the cure of one part is suggested for another part and vice versa; and unfortunately amount of this kind of practices in cities developments is far more than acceptable.
In northern cities one of the tools for putting limitations on city growth is providing a belt road. These belt roads in many cities of Mazandaran and Guilan after a while have turned into new growth cores and have left many empty wholes in the city fabric. Actually these new centers have been planned to be borders and are comprehended as centers by society.
At the other side of Alborz, most of bigger cities with more population and more density are experiencing another misunderstanding. In these places – and especially in Tehran – socio economic centers have been reincarnated into main streets. In this culture the courtyard is the side which building faces it and the street is “the back”. As a result residential buildings have shirked to city centers. This time a linear object has been planned to be a center and unconsciously is treated by the society inversely.
This writing will reconsider the old concepts of typology and city growth through a deeper attitude and will endorse the claims by media and facts provided by other typological studies. In the other words, will try to take a step back and see whole scene together.