DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the neandertal type specimen - PubMed (original) (raw)

Comparative Study

DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the neandertal type specimen

M Krings et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999.

Abstract

The DNA sequence of the second hypervariable region of the mitochondrial control region of the Neandertal type specimen, found in 1856 in central Europe, has been determined from 92 clones derived from eight overlapping amplifications performed from four independent extracts. When the reconstructed sequence is analyzed together with the previously determined DNA sequence from the first hypervariable region, the Neandertal mtDNA is found to fall outside a phylogenetic tree relating the mtDNAs of contemporary humans. The date of divergence between the mtDNAs of the Neandertal and contemporary humans is estimated to 465,000 years before the present, with confidence limits of 317,000 and 741,000 years. Taken together, the results support the concept that the Neandertal mtDNA evolved separately from that of modern humans for a substantial amount of time and lends no support to the idea that they contributed mtDNA to contemporary modern humans.

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Figures

Figure 1

HVRII mtDNA sequences of clones derived from PCR products from Neandertal bone extracts. Dots indicate base identity to the human reference sequence (7). Clone designations are made up of a letter (B, C, D, E) that refers to DNA extracts followed by the number of the amplification performed and, after the dot, the number of the individual clones. Primers used are given for the first clone of each PCR. Numbers in primer designations indicate the number of the 3′ base according to ref. , and L and H refer to the light and heavy strands of mtDNA. The sequences of the H primers are reverse and complemented. Standard designations are used for unidentified bases. The numbers of the positions at which substitutions in the Neandertal were found are indicated.

Figure 2

A schematic phylogenetic tree of the Neandertal mtDNA and 663 modern human mtDNA lineages. Only the relevant branches are shown. The tree was rooted with seven chimpanzees and two bonobos. Numbers on internal branches indicate quartet puzzling support values (18).

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DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the neandertal type specimen - PubMed (original) (raw)