A habitat for psychrophiles in deep Antarctic ice - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

A habitat for psychrophiles in deep Antarctic ice

P B Price. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000.

Abstract

Microbes, some of which may be viable, have been found in ice cores drilled at Vostok Station at depths down to approximately 3,600 m, close to the surface of the huge subglacial Lake Vostok. Two types of ice have been found. The upper 3,500 m comprises glacial ice containing traces of nutrients of aeolian origin including sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanosulfonic acid (MSA), formic acid, sea salts, and mineral grains. Ice below approximately 3,500 m comprises refrozen water from Lake Vostok, accreted to the bottom of the glacial ice. Nutrients in the accretion ice include salts and dissolved organic carbon. There is great interest in searching for living microbes and especially for new species in deepest Antarctic ice. I propose a habitat consisting of interconnected liquid veins along three-grain boundaries in ice in which psychrophilic bacteria can move and obtain energy and carbon from ions in solution. In the accretion ice, with an age of a few 10(4) years and a temperature a few degrees below freezing, the carbon and energy sources in the veins can maintain significant numbers of cells per cubic centimeter that are metabolizing but not multiplying. In the 4 x 10(5)-year-old colder glacial ice, at least 1 cell per cm(3) in acid veins can be maintained. With fluorescence microscopy tuned to detect NADH in live organisms, motile bacteria could be detected by direct scanning of the veins in ice samples.

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Figures

Figure 1

Microbial habitat consisting of solid ice grains (approximated by truncated semiregular octahedra) bounded by liquid veins (not to scale). Two microbes are depicted as living in the vein of diameter_d_vein surrounding a single grain of diameter_D_.

Figure 2

Relationships among molarity of impurities in aqueous solution, vein diameter, and depression of freezing point below pressure melting point for the composition of impurities in glacial ice. Also shown is approximate height above Lake Vostok. For arbitrary grain size, vein diameter scales as grain size.

Figure 3

Relationships among molarity, vein diameter, and depression of freezing point for the composition of impurities in accretion ice, with_D_ taken to be 30 cm.

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A habitat for psychrophiles in deep Antarctic ice - PubMed (original) (raw)