Comorbid depression is associated with increased health care use and expenditures in individuals with diabetes - PubMed (original) (raw)
Comorbid depression is associated with increased health care use and expenditures in individuals with diabetes
Leonard E Egede et al. Diabetes Care. 2002 Mar.
Abstract
Objective: This study ascertained the odds of diagnosed depression in individuals with diabetes and the relation between depression and health care use and expenditures.
Research design and methods: First, we compared data from 825 adults with diabetes with that from 20,688 adults without diabetes using the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Second, in patients with diabetes, we compared depressed and nondepressed individuals to identify differences in health care use and expenditures. Third, we adjusted use and expenditure estimates for differences in age, sex, race/ethnicity, health insurance, and comorbidity with analysis of covariance. Finally, we used the Consumer Price Index to adjust expenditures for inflation and used SAS and SUDAAN software for statistical analyses.
Results: Individuals with diabetes were twice as likely as a comparable sample from the general U.S. population to have diagnosed depression (odds ratio 1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.5). Younger adults (<65 years), women, and unmarried individuals with diabetes were more likely to have depression. Patients with diabetes and depression had higher ambulatory care use (12 vs. 7, P < 0.0001) and filled more prescriptions (43 vs. 21, P < 0.0001) than their counterparts without depression. Finally, among individuals with diabetes, total health care expenditures for individuals with depression was 4.5 times higher than that for individuals without depression ($247,000,000 vs. $55,000,000, P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: The odds of depression are higher in individuals with diabetes than in those without diabetes. Depression in individuals with diabetes is associated with increased health care use and expenditures, even after adjusting for differences in age, sex, race/ethnicity, health insurance, and comorbidity.
Similar articles
- Trends in health care expenditure in U.S. adults with diabetes: 2002-2011.
Ozieh MN, Bishu KG, Dismuke CE, Egede LE. Ozieh MN, et al. Diabetes Care. 2015 Oct;38(10):1844-51. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0369. Epub 2015 Jul 22. Diabetes Care. 2015. PMID: 26203060 Free PMC article. - Trends in direct health care costs among US adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with and without diabetes.
Shah CH, Fonarow GC, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Shah CH, et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024 Jul 8;23(1):238. doi: 10.1186/s12933-024-02324-w. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024. PMID: 38978114 Free PMC article. - Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002.
Hogan P, Dall T, Nikolov P; American Diabetes Association. Hogan P, et al. Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):917-32. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.3.917. Diabetes Care. 2003. PMID: 12610059 - Trends in Costs of Depression in Adults with Diabetes in the United States: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004-2011.
Egede LE, Walker RJ, Bishu K, Dismuke CE. Egede LE, et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2016 Jun;31(6):615-22. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3650-1. Epub 2016 Mar 11. J Gen Intern Med. 2016. PMID: 26969312 Free PMC article. - Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. In 2007.
American Diabetes Association. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2008 Mar;31(3):596-615. doi: 10.2337/dc08-9017. Diabetes Care. 2008. PMID: 18308683 Review.
Cited by
- Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in Kinyarwanda for primary care in the United States.
Müller F, Hansen A, Kube M, Arnetz JE, Alshaarawy O, Achtyes ED, Holman HT. Müller F, et al. PLoS One. 2024 Oct 17;19(10):e0302953. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302953. eCollection 2024. PLoS One. 2024. PMID: 39418267 Free PMC article. - Applying the theoretical domains framework to identify determinants to mental healthcare use among older African Americans with type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study.
Hawkins J, Sengupta S, Kloss KA, Schwenzer C, Smith FN, Jones LM, Mitchell J, Nwankwo R, Piatt GA. Hawkins J, et al. BMJ Open. 2024 Oct 1;14(10):e073689. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073689. BMJ Open. 2024. PMID: 39353695 Free PMC article. - Diagnosing and Treating Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Healthcare: Is Training of Physicians Enough for Improvement?
Karpenko OA, Melikhov OG, Tyazhelnikov AA, Kostyuk GP. Karpenko OA, et al. Consort Psychiatr. 2021 Dec 31;2(4):2-12. doi: 10.17816/CP112. eCollection 2021. Consort Psychiatr. 2021. PMID: 39045451 Free PMC article. - Prevalence and determinants of depression among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus attending family medicine clinics in Qatar.
Ismail M, Seif MH, Metwally N, Neshnash M, Joudeh AI, Alsaadi M, Al-Abdulla S, Selim N. Ismail M, et al. Am J Med Open. 2022 May 29;9:100014. doi: 10.1016/j.ajmo.2022.100014. eCollection 2023 Jun. Am J Med Open. 2022. PMID: 39035064 Free PMC article. - Economic Evaluation of a Web Application Implemented in Primary Care for the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.
Varela-Moreno E, Anarte-Ortiz MT, Jodar-Sanchez F, Garcia-Palacios A, Monreal-Bartolomé A, Gili M, García-Campayo J, Mayoral-Cleries F. Varela-Moreno E, et al. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2024 May 16;12:e55483. doi: 10.2196/55483. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2024. PMID: 38754101 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical