The terminal nerve and its relation with extrabulbar "olfactory" projections: lessons from lampreys and lungfishes - PubMed (original) (raw)
Review
. 2004 Sep;65(1-2):13-24.
doi: 10.1002/jemt.20095.
Affiliations
- PMID: 15570592
- DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20095
Review
The terminal nerve and its relation with extrabulbar "olfactory" projections: lessons from lampreys and lungfishes
Christopher S Von Bartheld. Microsc Res Tech. 2004 Sep.
Abstract
The definition of the terminal nerve has led to considerable confusion and controversy. This review analyzes the current state of knowledge as well as diverging opinions about the existence, components, and definition of terminal nerves or their components, with emphasis on lampreys and lungfishes. I will argue that the historical terminology regarding this cranial nerve embraces a definition of a terminal nerve that is compatible with its existence in all vertebrate species. This review further summarizes classical and more recent anatomical, developmental, neurochemical, and molecular evidence suggesting that a multitude of terminalis cell types, not only those expressing gonadotropin-releasing hormone, migrate various distances into the forebrain. This results in numerous morphological and neurochemically distinct phenotypes of neurons, with a continuum spanning from olfactory receptor-like neurons in the olfactory epithelium to typical large ganglion cells that accompany the classical olfactory projections. These cell bodies may lose their peripheral connections with the olfactory epithelium, and their central projections or cell bodies may enter the forebrain at several locations. Since "olfactory" marker proteins can be expressed in bona fide nervus terminalis cells, so-called extrabulbar "olfactory" projections may be a collection of disguised nervus terminalis components. If we do not allow this pleiomorphic collection of nerves to be considered within a terminal nerve framework, then the only alternative is to invent a highly species- and stage-specific, and, ultimately, thoroughly confusing nomenclature for neurons and nerve fibers that associate with the olfactory nerve and forebrain.
Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Similar articles
- Central projections of the nervus terminalis in lampreys, lungfishes, and bichirs.
von Bartheld CS, Meyer DL. von Bartheld CS, et al. Brain Behav Evol. 1988;32(3):151-9. doi: 10.1159/000116542. Brain Behav Evol. 1988. PMID: 3196894 - Primary olfactory fibres project to the ventral telencephalon and preoptic region in trout (Salmo trutta): a developmental immunocytochemical study.
Becerra M, Manso MJ, Rodriguez-Moldes I, Anadón R. Becerra M, et al. J Comp Neurol. 1994 Apr 1;342(1):131-43. doi: 10.1002/cne.903420112. J Comp Neurol. 1994. PMID: 7515905 - Primary olfactory projections and the nervus terminalis in the African lungfish: implications for the phylogeny of cranial nerves.
von Bartheld CS, Claas B, Münz H, Meyer DL. von Bartheld CS, et al. Am J Anat. 1988 Aug;182(4):325-34. doi: 10.1002/aja.1001820404. Am J Anat. 1988. PMID: 2847523 - Development of the nervus terminalis: origin and migration.
Whitlock KE. Whitlock KE. Microsc Res Tech. 2004 Sep;65(1-2):2-12. doi: 10.1002/jemt.20094. Microsc Res Tech. 2004. PMID: 15570589 Review. - The neglected cranial nerve: nervus terminalis (cranial nerve N).
Vilensky JA. Vilensky JA. Clin Anat. 2014 Jan;27(1):46-53. doi: 10.1002/ca.22130. Epub 2012 Jul 26. Clin Anat. 2014. PMID: 22836597 Review.
Cited by
- Neural crest Notch/Rbpj signaling regulates olfactory gliogenesis and neuronal migration.
Miller SR, Benito C, Mirsky R, Jessen KR, Baker CVH. Miller SR, et al. Genesis. 2018 Jun;56(6-7):e23215. doi: 10.1002/dvg.23215. Genesis. 2018. PMID: 30134068 Free PMC article. - Expression of the ACE2 virus entry protein in the nervus terminalis reveals the potential for an alternative route to brain infection in COVID-19.
Bilinska K, von Bartheld CS, Butowt R. Bilinska K, et al. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2021 Jun 7:2021.04.11.439398. doi: 10.1101/2021.04.11.439398. bioRxiv. 2021. PMID: 33880469 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint. - The olfactory nerve is not a likely route to brain infection in COVID-19: a critical review of data from humans and animal models.
Butowt R, Meunier N, Bryche B, von Bartheld CS. Butowt R, et al. Acta Neuropathol. 2021 Jun;141(6):809-822. doi: 10.1007/s00401-021-02314-2. Epub 2021 Apr 26. Acta Neuropathol. 2021. PMID: 33903954 Free PMC article. Review. - Expression of the ACE2 Virus Entry Protein in the Nervus Terminalis Reveals the Potential for an Alternative Route to Brain Infection in COVID-19.
Bilinska K, von Bartheld CS, Butowt R. Bilinska K, et al. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Jul 5;15:674123. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.674123. eCollection 2021. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021. PMID: 34290590 Free PMC article. - Cranial nerves XIII and XIV: nerves in the shadows.
Bordoni B, Zanier E. Bordoni B, et al. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2013;6:87-91. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S39132. Epub 2013 Mar 13. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2013. PMID: 23516138 Free PMC article.
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources