Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of chimpanzees - PubMed (original) (raw)

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Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of chimpanzees

Paul M Sharp et al. J Virol. 2005 Apr.

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FIG. 1.

FIG. 1.

Natural range of chimpanzee subspecies and location of SIVcpz isolation (adapted from reference 75). The locations of study sites in the Budongo Forest Reserve and Kibale National Park (Uganda), the Nyungwe Forest Reserve (Rwanda), Gombe and Mahale Mountains National Parks (Tanzania), and the Kisangani area (eastern Democratic Republic of Congo [DRC]) are indicated, as are the rescue locations of five previously reported SIVcpz-infected captive chimpanzees from southern Cameroon and northern Gabon (51). Asterisks indicate the presence of natural SIVcpz infection. The four recognized chimpanzee subspecies are color-coded. International borders (black lines) and major rivers (blue lines) are shown. Kinshasa, which marks the area where the greatest diversity of HIV-1 group M strains has been found (89), is also shown.

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

Evolutionary relationships of SIVcpz and HIV-1 strains based on maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses of full-length envelope protein sequences (adapted from ref. 10). SIVcpz strains from P. t. troglodytes and P. t. schweinfurthii are highlighted in red and blue, respectively. Representative strains of HIV-1 groups M, N, and O were included for comparison. Asterisks indicate internal branches with estimated posterior probabilities of 95% or higher. The scale bar denotes 10% replacements per site.

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

Phylogeography of SIVcpz (adapted from ref. 51). The phylogenetic relationships of available SIVcpz_Ptt_ (red) and SIVcpz_Pts_ (blue) strains are shown in a partial envelope region (180 amino acids). Brackets on the right indicate the country of origin of the various SIVcpz strains; SIVcpzUS and SIVcpzANT are of unknown geographic provenance.

FIG. 4.

FIG. 4.

Recombinant origin of SIVcpz. (A) Maximum-likelihood phylogenies of primate lentivirus Pol and Env sequences (adapted from ref. 9). The close genetic relationship of SIVcpz to SIVrcm from red-capped mangabeys in Pol, and to SIVgsn, SIVmus, and SIVmon from greater spot-nosed, mustached, and mona monkeys in Env, are highlighted in green and magenta, respectively. (B) Schematic diagram of the genomic organization of SIVcpz. Genomic regions are colored according to their genetic relationship to SIVrcm (green) or the SIVgsn/SIVmus/SIVmon lineage (magenta). Grey areas in SIVcpz are of unknown origin. Vpu and vpx genes are highlighted.

FIG. 5.

FIG. 5.

Chimpanzees hunt and eat other primates. An adult male chimpanzee from the Ngogo community (Kibale National Park, Uganda) feeds on the arm of a female red colobus monkey (photograph courtesy of John Mitani).

FIG. 6.

FIG. 6.

Detection of SIVcpz-specific antibodies in chimpanzee urine and fecal samples obtained by noninvasive methods. Urine (A) and fecal (B) specimens from captive and wild-living chimpanzees were tested by ECL Western immunoblot analysis for the presence of virus-specific antibodies. (Data for captive chimpanzees was adapted from Fig. 2 in reference .) Chimpanzees are identified by code number, with serial samples identified in parentheses. All wild-living chimpanzees are from Gombe National Park. Ch-37 and Ch-45 are members of the Mitumba community, and Ch-06, Ch-30, and Ch-22 are members of the Kasekela community. Fecal samples GM314 and GM316 are from unknown members of the nonhabituated Kalande community. Molecular weights of HIV-1-specific proteins are indicated. The banding patterns of plasma from an HIV-1-infected human (analyzed at a dilution of 1:10,000) is shown as a positive control.

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