Sex differences in transgenerational alterations of growth and metabolism in progeny (F2) of female offspring (F1) of rats fed a low protein diet during pregnancy and lactation - PubMed (original) (raw)

Sex differences in transgenerational alterations of growth and metabolism in progeny (F2) of female offspring (F1) of rats fed a low protein diet during pregnancy and lactation

E Zambrano et al. J Physiol. 2005.

Abstract

Compelling epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that a suboptimal environment during fetal and neonatal development in both humans and animals may programme offspring susceptibility to later development of several chronic diseases including obesity and diabetes in which altered carbohydrate metabolism plays a central role. One of the most interesting and significant features of developmental programming is the evidence from several studies that the adverse consequences of altered intrauterine environments can be passed transgenerationally from mother (F0) to daughter (F1) to second generation offspring (F2). We determined whether when F0 female rats are exposed to protein restriction during pregnancy and/or lactation their F1 female pups deliver F2 offspring with in vivo evidence of altered glucose and insulin metabolism. We fed F0 virgin Wistar rats a normal control 20% casein diet (C) or a protein restricted isocaloric diet (R) containing 10% casein during pregnancy. F1 female R pups weighed less than C at birth. After delivery, mothers received C or R diet during lactation to provide four F1 offspring groups CC (first letter pregnancy diet and second lactation diet), RR, CR and RC. All F1 female offspring were fed ad libitum with C diet after weaning and during their first pregnancy and lactation. As they grew female offspring (F1) of RR and CR mothers exhibited low body weight and food intake with increased sensitivity to insulin during a glucose tolerance test at 110 days of postnatal life. Male F2 CR offspring showed evidence of insulin resistance. In contrast RC F2 females showed evidence of insulin resistance. Sex differences were also observed in F2 offspring in resting glucose and insulin and insulin: glucose ratios. These sex differences also showed differences specific to stage of development time window. We conclude that maternal protein restriction adversely affects glucose and insulin metabolism of male and female F2 offspring in a manner specific to sex and developmental time window during their mother's (the F1) fetal and neonatal development.

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Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1. Results from the glucose tolerance tests performed in the F1 females at 110 days of postnatal life

A, serum glucose; B, serum insulin; C, insulin to glucose ratio; D, area under curve for serum glucose during glucose tolerance tests; E, area under curve for insulin; F, area under curve for insulin: glucose ratio; G, insulin resistance index calculated as (glucose × insulin concentration)/22.5. Data represented as means ±

s.e.m.

from 5 CC litters, 5 RR litters, 6 CR litters, and 6 RC litters. Diets of F0 mothers are denoted as control (C) or restricted (R) during pregnancy (first letter), followed by lactation (second letter). CC: control–control formula image; RR: restricted–restricted formula image; CR: control–restricted formula image; RC: restricted–control formula image. P > 0.05 for data with at least one letter in common.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Results from the glucose tolerance tests performed in the F2 females at 110 days of postnatal life

A, serum glucose; B, serum insulin; C, insulin to glucose ratio; D, area under curve for serum glucose during glucose tolerance tests; E, area under curve for insulin; F, area under curve for insulin:glucose ratio; G, insulin resistance index calculated as (glucose × insulin concentration)/22.5. Data represented as means ±

s.e.m.

from 5 to 6 CC litters, 5–6 RR litters, 6 CR litters, and 4–6 RC litters. Diets of F0 mothers are denoted as control (C) or restricted (R) during pregnancy (first letter), followed by lactation (second letter). CC: control–control formula image; RR: restricted–restricted formula image; CR: control–restricted formula image; RC: restricted–control formula image. P > 0.05 for data with at least one letter in common. *P < 0.05 versus male.

Figure 3

Figure 3. Results from the glucose tolerance tests performed in the F2 males at 110 days of postnatal life

A, serum glucose; B, serum insulin; C, insulin to glucose ratio; D, area under curve for serum glucose during glucose tolerance tests; E, area under curve for insulin; F, area under curve for insulin:glucose ratio; G, insulin resistance index calculated as (glucose × insulin concentration)/22.5. Data represented as means ±

s.e.m.

from 5 CC litters, 5 RR litters, 6 CR litters, and 6 RC litters. Diets of F0 mothers are denoted as control (C) or restricted (R) during pregnancy (first letter), followed by lactation (second letter). CC: control–control formula image; RR: restricted–restricted formula image; CR: control–restricted formula image; RC: restricted–control formula image. P > 0.05 for data with at least one letter in common. *P < 0.05 versus female.

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