Function and control of recombination-activating gene activity - PubMed (original) (raw)
Review
Function and control of recombination-activating gene activity
F W Alt et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992.
Abstract
The RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes synergistically confer VDJ recombinase activity to nonlymphoid cell lines. To unequivocally test RAG gene function, we created lines of mice that lack functional copies of these genes. Consistent with the possibility that RAG gene encode the tissue-specific components of VDJ recombinase, RAG-2-deficient mice are viable but have a severe combined immune deficiency due to inability to initiate VDJ recombination and thereby generate mature lymphocytes. RAG-2-deficient mice have no obvious defect in any tissue or lineage other than lymphocytes, indicating that VDJ recombinase activity and RAG-2-gene function is required only for lymphocyte development. Levels of RAG-1 and RAG-2 expression in primary murine lymphoid tissues and lymphoid bone marrow cultures generally are much higher than those of transformed precursor B-cell lines. Low-level RAG gene expression in permanent cell lines results from a decline during propagation due to outgrowth of cells with lower RAG expression levels. The low and variable level of RAG gene expression in transformed pre-B cell lines correlates with low and variable rates of endogenous VDJ recombination; therefore, such lines are not reliable models for experiments aimed at studying mechanisms that target this activity to particular variable region gene segments. To generate such a system, we introduced RAG genes into B-lineage lines under the control of a heat shock-inducible promoter; heat-shock treatment induces extremely high-level but transient RAG expression accompanied by parallel induction of VDJ recombinase activity. Such cells efficiently rearrange transfected VDJ recombination substrates in a regulated manner that is dependent on the activity of transcriptional control elements associated with the target V gene segments.
Similar articles
- A V(D)J recombinase-inducible B-cell line: role of transcriptional enhancer elements in directing V(D)J recombination.
Oltz EM, Alt FW, Lin WC, Chen J, Taccioli G, Desiderio S, Rathbun G. Oltz EM, et al. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Oct;13(10):6223-30. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.10.6223-6230.1993. Mol Cell Biol. 1993. PMID: 8413222 Free PMC article. - RAG-1 and RAG-2 gene expression and V(D)J recombinase activity are enhanced by protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibition in lymphocyte cell lines.
Casillas AM, Thompson AD, Cheshier S, Hernandez S, Aguilera RJ. Casillas AM, et al. Mol Immunol. 1995 Feb;32(3):167-75. doi: 10.1016/0161-5890(94)00142-n. Mol Immunol. 1995. PMID: 7898493 - Surface IgM mediated regulation of RAG gene expression in E mu-N-myc B cell lines.
Ma A, Fisher P, Dildrop R, Oltz E, Rathbun G, Achacoso P, Stall A, Alt FW. Ma A, et al. EMBO J. 1992 Jul;11(7):2727-34. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05338.x. EMBO J. 1992. PMID: 1628630 Free PMC article. - Immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in germinal centers is independent of the RAG-1 V(D)J recombinase.
Zheng B, Han S, Spanopoulou E, Kelsoe G. Zheng B, et al. Immunol Rev. 1998 Apr;162:133-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01436.x. Immunol Rev. 1998. PMID: 9602359 Review. - Regulation of antigen receptor gene assembly in lymphocytes.
Oltz EM. Oltz EM. Immunol Res. 2001;23(2-3):121-33. doi: 10.1385/IR:23:2-3:121. Immunol Res. 2001. PMID: 11444378 Review.
Cited by
- B Cell Differentiation and the Origin and Pathogenesis of Human B Cell Lymphomas.
Weniger MA, Seifert M, Küppers R. Weniger MA, et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2025;2865:1-30. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4188-0_1. Methods Mol Biol. 2025. PMID: 39424718 Review. - Rare immune diseases paving the road for genome editing-based precision medicine.
Pavel-Dinu M, Borna S, Bacchetta R. Pavel-Dinu M, et al. Front Genome Ed. 2023 Feb 8;5:1114996. doi: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1114996. eCollection 2023. Front Genome Ed. 2023. PMID: 36846437 Free PMC article. Review. - Gene Editing Rescues In vitro T Cell Development of RAG2-Deficient Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in an Artificial Thymic Organoid System.
Gardner CL, Pavel-Dinu M, Dobbs K, Bosticardo M, Reardon PK, Lack J, DeRavin SS, Le K, Bello E, Pala F, Delmonte OM, Malech H, Montel-Hagan A, Crooks G, Acuto O, Porteus MH, Notarangelo LD. Gardner CL, et al. J Clin Immunol. 2021 Jul;41(5):852-862. doi: 10.1007/s10875-021-00989-6. Epub 2021 Mar 1. J Clin Immunol. 2021. PMID: 33650026 Free PMC article. - A Comparison of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems in Cartilaginous Fish, Ray-Finned Fish, and Lobe-Finned Fish.
Smith NC, Rise ML, Christian SL. Smith NC, et al. Front Immunol. 2019 Oct 10;10:2292. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02292. eCollection 2019. Front Immunol. 2019. PMID: 31649660 Free PMC article. Review. - Rodent Models of Experimental Endometriosis: Identifying Mechanisms of Disease and Therapeutic Targets.
Bruner-Tran KL, Mokshagundam S, Herington JL, Ding T, Osteen KG. Bruner-Tran KL, et al. Curr Womens Health Rev. 2018 Jun;14(2):173-188. doi: 10.2174/1573404813666170921162041. Curr Womens Health Rev. 2018. PMID: 29861705 Free PMC article. Review.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources