Identification of candidate periodontal pathogens and beneficial species by quantitative 16S clonal analysis - PubMed (original) (raw)

Identification of candidate periodontal pathogens and beneficial species by quantitative 16S clonal analysis

Purnima S Kumar et al. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Aug.

Abstract

Most studies of the bacterial etiology of periodontitis have used either culture-based or targeted DNA approaches, and so it is likely that pathogens remain undiscovered. The purpose of this study was to use culture-independent, quantitative analysis of biofilms associated with chronic periodontitis and periodontal health to identify pathogens and beneficial species. Samples from subjects with periodontitis and controls were analyzed using ribosomal 16S cloning and sequencing. Several genera, many of them uncultivated, were associated with periodontitis, the most numerous of which were gram positive, including Peptostreptococcus and Filifactor. The genera Megasphaera and Desulfobulbus were elevated in periodontitis, and the levels of several species or phylotypes of Campylobacter, Selenomonas, Deferribacteres, Dialister, Catonella, Tannerella, Streptococcus, Atopobium, Eubacterium, and Treponema were elevated in disease. Streptococcus and Veillonella spp. were found in high numbers in all samples and accounted for a significantly greater fraction of the microbial community in healthy subjects than in those with periodontitis. The microbial profile of periodontal health also included the less-abundant genera Campylobacter, Abiotrophia, Gemella, Capnocytophaga, and Neisseria. These newly identified candidates outnumbered Porphyromonas gingivalis and other species previously implicated as periodontopathogens, and it is not clear if newly identified and more numerous species may play a more important role in pathogenesis. Finally, more differences were found in the bacterial profile between subjects with periodontitis and healthy subjects than between deep and shallow sites within the same subject. This suggests that chronic periodontitis is the result of a global perturbation of the oral bacterial ecology rather than a disease-site specific microbial shift.

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Figures

FIG. 1.

FIG. 1.

Distribution of bacterial phyla in health and disease. Two classes of Firmicutes (Bacilli and Clostridia) are displayed individually due to their high prevalence.

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

Distribution of gram-positive (G+) and gram-negative (G−) anaerobes and facultative species in relation to disease status. The gram status of uncharacterized phylotypes was inferred from that of their closest neighbor. ✽✽✽, P < 0.005.

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

Distribution of cultivated and uncultivated bacteria by genus for all samples.

FIG. 4.

FIG. 4.

Distribution by health status for genera accounting for >0.025% of total bacteria are shown. The genera are arranged in a gradient from those predominant in health shown on the left to those predominant in periodontitis shown on the right.

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