Experimental animal models for the simulation of depression and anxiety - PubMed (original) (raw)
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Experimental animal models for the simulation of depression and anxiety
Eberhard Fuchs et al. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006.
Abstract
An impressive number of animal models to assess depression and anxiety are available today. However, the relationship between these models and the clinical syndromes of depression and anxiety is not always clear. Since human anxiety disorders represent a multifactorial phenomenon frequently comorbid with major depression and/or other psychiatric problems, the chance of creating animal models which consistently reflect the human situation is quite poor. When using experimental models to understand homologies between animal and human behavior, we have to consider the context in which an animal is investigated, and both the functional significance and relevance of the behavioral parameters that are quantified. Moreover, gender and interindividual and interspecies variabilities in behavioral responses to the test situation and in the sensitivity to pharmacological treatments are potential sources for confounding results. In the past, these aspects have been often neglected in preclinical approaches to behavioral pharmacology and psychopharmacology. A pragmatic approach of combined preclinical and clinical efforts is necessary to imitate one or more aspects relevant to pathological anxiety disorders and depression. The resulting models may identify central nervous processes regulating defined behavioral output, with the potential to develop more effective treatments.
Hoy en día existe un gran número de modelos animales para evaluar la depresión y la ansiedad. Sin embargo, la relación entre estos modelos y los síndromes clínicos de depresíon y ansiedad no siempre es clara. Ya que los trastornos de ansiedad en humanos representan un fenómeno multifactorial frecuentemente comórbido con la depresión mayor oly otros problemas psiquiátricos, la posibilidad de crear modelos animales que reflejen consistentemente la situación en humanos es baja. Cuando se utilizan modelos animales para intentar comprender las semejanzas entre la conducta animal y humana, se debe considerar el coniexto en el cual un animal está siendo investigado, y el significado funcional y la importancia de los parámetros conductuales que son cuantificados. Además, las variabilidades de género, interindividuales e interspecies en las respuestas conductuales a la situación de prueba y en la sensibilidad a los tratamientos farmacológicos son fuentes potenciales de resultados desconceriantes. En el pasado, estos aspectos han sido a menudo descuidados en las aproximaciones preclínicas a la farmacología conductual y a la psicofarmacologia. Para imitar uno o más aspectos relevantes de los trastornos de ansiedad patológica y de la depresión se requiere de una aproximación pragmática que combine esfuerzos preclínicos y clínicos. Los modelos resultantes pueden identificar procesos del sistema nervioso central que regulan la producción de una conducta definida, con la posibilidad de desarrollar tratamientos más efectivos.
Il existe aujourd'hui un grand nombre de modèles animaux pour évaluer la dépression et l'anxiété. Les relations entre ces modèles et les syndromes cliniques de dépression et d'anxiété ne sont cependant pas toujours claires. La possibilité de créer des modèles animaux imitant avec validité les troubles anxieux est assez faible, puisque ces troubles sont multifactoriels, se présentant fréquemment en comorbidité avec un état dépressif majeure et/ou d'autres problèmes psychiatriques. Il y a lieu de prendre en considération le contexte d'observation de l'animal, ainsi que le sens et la validité des comportements étudiés quantitativement, lors de l'utilisation de modèles expérimentaux afin de comprendre les points communs entre les comportements animaux et humains. De plus, le sexe et les différences interindividuelles et interespèces au niveau des réponses comportementales aux situations des tests ainsi qu'à la sensibilité aux traitements pharmacologiques sont une source potentielle d'erreur. Dans le passé ces aspects ont en pharmacologie du comportement et en psychopharmacologie. Une approche pragmatique combinant les thèmes précliniques et cliniques est nécessaire pour modéliser un ou plusieurs aspects pertinents de la dépression et de l'anxiété. Les modèles résultant de cette approche peuvent permettre l'identification de processus cérébraux gérant les conséquences comportementales, donc ayant un potentiel pour le développement de médicaments plus efficaces.
Figures
Figure 1.. Classification of the existing animal models for normal or state anxiety., For reasons of clarity, models are placed into one of the following two categories: Tests based on unconditioned responses and tests based on conditioned responses. Tests described in this article are marked by •.
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