Gender differences in cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression - PubMed (original) (raw)
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Gender differences in cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression
Anne Maria Möller-Leimkühler. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007.
Abstract
Although gender is increasingly perceived as a key determinant in health and illness, systematic gender studies in medicine are still lacking. For a long time, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been seen as a "male" disease, due to men's higher absolute risk compared with women, but the relative risk in women of CVD morbidity and mortality is actually higher. Current knowledge points to important gender differences in age of onset, symptom presentation, management, and outcome, as well as traditional and psychosocial risk factors. Compared with men, CVD risk in women is increased to a greater extent by some traditional factors (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity), and socioeconomic and psychosocial factors also seem to have a higher impact on CVD in women. With respect to differences in CVD management, a gender bias in favor of men has to be taken into account, in spite of greater age and higher comorbidity in women, possibly contributing to a poorer outcome. Depression has been shown to be an independent risk factor and consequence of CVD; however, concerning gender differences, the results have been inconsistent. Current evidence suggests that depression causes a greater increase in CVD incidence in women, and that female CVD patients experience higher levels of depression than men. Gender aspects should be more intensively considered, both in further research on gender differences in comorbid depression, and in cardiac treatment and rehabilitation, with the goal of making secondary prevention more effective.
Aunque el género se percibe cada vez más como un factor determinante en la salud y la enfermedad, aun faltan estudios sistemáticos en medicina. Por mucho tiempo la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) ha sido considerada como una enfermedad del “hombres,” debido al mayor riesgo absoluto de los hombres en comparación con la mujeres; pero en realidad es mayor el riesgo relativo de morbi-mortalidad de la ECV en las mujeres. El conocimiento en este momento apunta a importantes diferencias de género en la edad de aparición, la presentación sintomática, el manejo y la evolución, como también a los factores de riesgo tradicionales y psicosociales. En comparación con los hombres, el riesgo de ECV en las mujeres es más importante debido en gran medida a algunos factores tradicionales (por ejemplo, diabetes, hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia, obesidad) y factores socioeconómicos y psicosociales, los que también parecen tener un mayor impacto en la ECV de las mujeres. Con respecto a las diferencias en el manejo de la ECV, debe tenerse en cuenta un sesgo de género a favor de los hombres, a pesar de una mayor edad y mayor comorbilidad en las mujeres, lo que posiblemente contribuye a una peor evolución. La depresión se ha considerado un factor de riesgo independiente y una consecuencia de la ECV; sin embargo, en relación con las diferencias por género, los resultados todavia no han sido consistentes. La evidencia actual sugiere que la depresión causa un mayor aumento en la incidencia de ECV en las mujeres y a su vez que las pacientes con ECV presentan mayor frecuencia de depresión que los hombres. Los aspectos relacionados con el género deben ser más ampliamente considerados, tanto en futuras investigaciones en diferencias de género en la depresión comórbida como en el tratamiento y rehabilitación, con el objetivo de ralizar una prevención secundaria más efectiva.
Bien que le sexe soit de plus en plus perçu comme un déterminant clé de la santé et de la maladie, les études systématiques en médecine concernant les différences entre les deux genres sont toujours insuffisantes. La maladie cardiovasculaire (MCV) a depuis longtemps été considérée comme une maladie “masculine”, à cause du risque absolu plus élevé chez l'homme que chez la femme. Le risque relatif de morbidité et de mortalité de MCV est en réalité plus élevé chez la femme. L'état actuel de nos connaissances souligne des différences importantes entre les sexes au niveau de l'âge de début, des premières manifestations symptomtiques, de la prise en charge et de l'évolution ainsi que des facteurs de risque classiques et psychosociaux. Certains facteurs de risque traditionnels (comme le diabète, l'hypertension, l'hypercholestérolémie, l'obésité) augmentent de façon plus importante le risque de MCV chez la femme que chez l'homme. Les facteurs socio-économiques et psychosociaux semblent aussi avoir un impact plus important sur la MCV chez la femme. Étant donné les différences de prise en charge de la MCV, il faut prendre en compte un parti pris en faveur des hommes, bien que chez les femmes, un âge plus élevé et une comorbidité plus importante contribuent probablement à de moins bons résultats. Il a été démontré que la dépression est un facteur de risque indépendant et une conséquence de la MCV; les résultats ont cependant été contradictoires en ce qui concerne les différences entre les sexes. Les données actuelles indiquent que la dépression induit une augmentation importante de l'incidence de la MCV chez la femme, et que les femmes atteintes de MCV présentent des taux de dépression plus élevés que les hommes. Il faudrait prendre en compte plus intensivement les différences entre les sexes, à la fois dans les recherches futures sur la dépression comorbide et dans le traitement et la réadaptation cardiaques, dans le but de rendre plus efficace la prévention secondaire.
Figures
Figure 1.. Cardiovascular disease mortality trends for males and females, United States: 1 979-2003. Reproduced from reference 17: American Heart Association. Heart and Stroke Statistics 2006 update. Available at: www.american-heart.org/presenter.jhtml identifier=3018163. Accessed December 2006. Copyright © American Heart Association 2006.
Figure 2.. Effect of gender on the investigation and management of new-onset stable angina from the Euro Heart Survey of Stable Angina. Adjusted ORs and 95% Cls for women compared with men are shown. ORs were adjusted for age, gender, comorbidity, duration of symptoms 6 months, use of two antianginal drugs, severity of symptoms, and availability of invasive facilities at the enrolling center. Additional variables included performance or nonperformance of exercise ECG and result of exercise ECG (positive vs negative or inconclu_ sive). OR, odds ratio; ECG, electrocardiogram Reproduced from ref 32: Daley C, Clemens F, Lopez Sendon JL, et al. Gender differences in the management and clinical out_ come of stable angina. Circulation. 2006;113:490-498. Copyright ©American Heart Association 2006.
Figure 3.. Trends in ischemic heart disease in the Russian Federation and the European Union by gender. Adapted from: http://data.euro.who.int/hfamb. Copyright © World Health Organization 2006
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