Current status of vaccines for schistosomiasis - PubMed (original) (raw)
Review
Current status of vaccines for schistosomiasis
Donald P McManus et al. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Jan.
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is recognized as the most important human helminth infection in terms of morbidity and mortality. Infection follows direct contact with freshwater harboring free-swimming larval (cercaria) forms of the parasite. Despite the existence of the highly effective antischistosome drug praziquantel (PZQ), schistosomiasis is spreading into new areas, and although it is the cornerstone of current control programs, PZQ chemotherapy does have limitations. In particular, mass treatment does not prevent reinfection. Furthermore, there is increasing concern about the development of parasite resistance to PZQ. Consequently, vaccine strategies represent an essential component for the future control of schistosomiasis as an adjunct to chemotherapy. An improved understanding of the immune response to schistosome infection, both in animal models and in humans, suggests that development of a vaccine may be possible. This review considers aspects of antischistosome protective immunity that are important in the context of vaccine development. The current status in the development of vaccines against the African (Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium) and Asian (S. japonicum) schistosomes is then discussed, as are new approaches that may improve the efficacy of available vaccines and aid in the identification of new targets for immune attack.
Figures
FIG. 1.
Life cycle of S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium. (Reprinted from DPDx, the CDC website for parasite identification [
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/Schistosomiasis.htm
], with permission.)
FIG. 2.
Predicted structure and surface localization of the SmTSP-2 tetraspanin vaccine antigen from S. mansoni and fermentation and subsequent purification of the recombinant protein. (A) SmTSP-2 is predicted to span the membrane four times, presenting small (EC-1) and large (EC-2) extracellular loops to the external environment. (B) Antibodies to recombinant SmTSP-2 EC-2 localized the expression to the tegument outer membrane of adult S. mansoni. (Reprinted from reference with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.) (C) Fermentation of recombinant SmTSP-2 EC-2 as a secreted protein in the yeast Pichia pastoris produces recombinant protein at yields in excess of 100 mg/liter of purified protein (M. Tran and A. Loukas, unpublished data). (D) Lane 1, molecular weight markers; lane 2, supernatant from yeast culture expressing SmTSP-2 EC-2; lanes 3 to 6, eluates from immobilized metal-affinity chromatography column containing purified recombinant SmTSP-2 EC-2.
References
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