Transcriptome analysis of infection of the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus with Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus - PubMed (original) (raw)

Transcriptome analysis of infection of the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus with Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus

Alice C Ortmann et al. J Virol. 2008 May.

Erratum in

Abstract

Microarray analysis of infection by Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV) revealed insights into the timing and extent of virus transcription, as well as differential regulation of host genes. Using a microarray containing genes from both the host and the virus, the infection cycle of STIV was studied. Following infection of Sulfolobus solfataricus strain 2-2-12 with STIV, transcription of virus genes was first detected at 8 h postinfection (p.i.), with a peak at 24 h p.i. Lysis of cells was first detected at 32 h p.i. There was little temporal control of the transcription of virus genes, although the three open reading frames on the noncoding strand were transcribed later in the infection process. During the infection, 177 host genes were determined to be differentially expressed, with 124 genes up-regulated and 53 genes down-regulated. The up-regulated genes were dominated by genes associated with DNA replication and repair and those of unknown function, while the down-regulated genes, mostly detected at 32 h p.i., were associated with energy production and metabolism. Examination of infected cells by transmission electron microscopy revealed alterations in cell ultrastructure consistent with the microarray analysis. The observed patterns of transcription suggest that up-regulated genes are likely used by the virus to reprogram the cell for virus replication, while the down-regulated genes reflect the imminent lysis of the cells.

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Figures

FIG. 1.

FIG. 1.

Growth of cells and detection of STIV across a time course. (Top) The average OD650s for triplicate cultures are presented with standard deviations. The diamonds represent the uninfected control cultures, while the squares represent the STIV-infected cultures. (Bottom) Averages and standard deviations for STIV genomes detected with qPCR.

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

TEM images from 8 (A) and 48 (B) h p.i. for uninfected controls showing intact cells. The cells infected with STIV at 8 h p.i. appear similar to the uninfected 8-h cells (C), but at 48 h p.i., the cells have been lysed and intact STIV particles have been released (D).

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

Functional and transcriptional characteristics of the STIV genome. The sections of the genome are colored based on when transcripts were first determined to be differentially regulated, although all transcript levels peaked at 24 h p.i. The cross-hatched arrows represent intergenic regions, and the thickly outlined ORFs are associated with the virion. A78, not represented on the microarray, is shown by the white arrow.

FIG. 4.

FIG. 4.

Distribution of genes assigned to COG categories in the whole genome of S. solfataricus P2 (blue), in the up-regulated genes (red), and in the down-regulated genes (green). The percent occurrence represents the distribution of each COG category based on 2,105 assigned genes in the whole genome, 59 up-regulated, genes and 40 down-regulated genes. The unassigned genes are not included in this analysis.

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