Human bocavirus: passenger or pathogen in acute respiratory tract infections? - PubMed (original) (raw)
Review
. 2008 Apr;21(2):291-304, table of contents.
doi: 10.1128/CMR.00030-07.
Affiliations
- PMID: 18400798
- PMCID: PMC2292574
- DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00030-07
Review
Human bocavirus: passenger or pathogen in acute respiratory tract infections?
Oliver Schildgen et al. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Apr.
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified virus tentatively assigned to the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, genus Bocavirus. HBoV was first described in 2005 and has since been detected in respiratory tract secretions worldwide. Herein we review the literature on HBoV and discuss the biology and potential clinical impact of this virus. Most studies have been PCR based and performed on patients with acute respiratory symptoms, from whom HBoV was detected in 2 to 19% of the samples. HBoV-positive samples have been derived mainly from infants and young children. HBoV DNA has also been detected in the blood of patients with respiratory tract infection and in fecal samples of patients with diarrhea with or without concomitant respiratory symptoms. A characteristic feature of HBoV studies is the high frequency of coinciding detections, or codetections, with other viruses. Available data nevertheless indicate a statistical association between HBoV and acute respiratory tract disease. We present a model incorporating these somewhat contradictory findings and suggest that primary HBoV infection causes respiratory tract symptoms which can be followed by prolonged low-level virus shedding in the respiratory tract. Detection of the virus in this phase will be facilitated by other infections, either simply via increased sample cell count or via reactivation of HBoV, leading to an increased detection frequency of HBoV during other virus infections. We conclude that the majority of available HBoV studies are limited by the sole use of PCR diagnostics on respiratory tract secretions, addressing virus prevalence but not disease association. The ability to detect primary infection through the development of improved diagnostic methods will be of great importance for future studies seeking to assign a role for HBoV in causing respiratory illnesses.
Figures
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic analysis of HBoV. Phylogenetic trees are based on 61 partial NS1 genes (245 nt, corresponding to nt positions 1509 to 1753 in the ST1 isolate [accession number DQ000495]) (A), 167 partial NP-1 genes (242 nt, corresponding to nt positions 2340 to 2581 in the ST1 isolate) (B), and 133 partial VP1/VP2 genes (285 nt, corresponding to nt positions 4547 to 4831 in the ST1 isolate) (C). Sequences were aligned using the program CLUSTAL_X, version 1.83 (71). Phylogenetic relationships of the aligned sequences were inferred from the generated alignment by the neighbor-joining method (61). The reliability of the tree topology was evaluated by 500 replicates of bootstrap resampling (84). Phylogenetic trees were visualized using the TREEVIEW software tool (58). Trees show the HBoV sequences used for the analysis and their individual geographical origins. The numbers in parentheses indicate the numbers of isolates for the respective locations. For reasons of clarity, this figure does not include GenBank accession numbers. Detailed information on GenBank accession numbers of sequences used for the phylogenetic analysis is available upon request. (D) Phylogenetic placement of HBoV and other members of the genus Parvovirinae. Bootstrapped (n = 1,000) neighbor-joining tree based on 80% of the complete genomic nucleotide sequence. Bootstrap values (%) are indicated at each branching point. B19, erythrovirus B19; PTMPV, pig-tailed macaque parvovirus; RMPV, rhesus macaque parvovirus; SPV, simian parvovirus; ChPV, chipmunk parvovirus; BPV2 and BPV3, bovine parvovirus 2 and 3; GPV, goose parvovirus; MDPV, Muscovy duck parvovirus; AMDV, Aleutian mink disease virus; PPV, porcine parvovirus; CPV, canine parvovirus; RPV-1a, rat parvovirus-1a; KRPV, Kilham rat parvovirus; MPV1, mouse parvovirus 1; MVM, minute virus of mice; MVC, minute virus of canines.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic analysis of HBoV. Phylogenetic trees are based on 61 partial NS1 genes (245 nt, corresponding to nt positions 1509 to 1753 in the ST1 isolate [accession number DQ000495]) (A), 167 partial NP-1 genes (242 nt, corresponding to nt positions 2340 to 2581 in the ST1 isolate) (B), and 133 partial VP1/VP2 genes (285 nt, corresponding to nt positions 4547 to 4831 in the ST1 isolate) (C). Sequences were aligned using the program CLUSTAL_X, version 1.83 (71). Phylogenetic relationships of the aligned sequences were inferred from the generated alignment by the neighbor-joining method (61). The reliability of the tree topology was evaluated by 500 replicates of bootstrap resampling (84). Phylogenetic trees were visualized using the TREEVIEW software tool (58). Trees show the HBoV sequences used for the analysis and their individual geographical origins. The numbers in parentheses indicate the numbers of isolates for the respective locations. For reasons of clarity, this figure does not include GenBank accession numbers. Detailed information on GenBank accession numbers of sequences used for the phylogenetic analysis is available upon request. (D) Phylogenetic placement of HBoV and other members of the genus Parvovirinae. Bootstrapped (n = 1,000) neighbor-joining tree based on 80% of the complete genomic nucleotide sequence. Bootstrap values (%) are indicated at each branching point. B19, erythrovirus B19; PTMPV, pig-tailed macaque parvovirus; RMPV, rhesus macaque parvovirus; SPV, simian parvovirus; ChPV, chipmunk parvovirus; BPV2 and BPV3, bovine parvovirus 2 and 3; GPV, goose parvovirus; MDPV, Muscovy duck parvovirus; AMDV, Aleutian mink disease virus; PPV, porcine parvovirus; CPV, canine parvovirus; RPV-1a, rat parvovirus-1a; KRPV, Kilham rat parvovirus; MPV1, mouse parvovirus 1; MVM, minute virus of mice; MVC, minute virus of canines.
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