Osteoimmunology: cytokines and the skeletal system - PubMed (original) (raw)
Review
Osteoimmunology: cytokines and the skeletal system
Seoung-Hoon Lee et al. BMB Rep. 2008.
Abstract
It has become clear that complex interactions underlie the relationship between the skeletal and immune systems. This is particularly true for the development of immune cells in the bone marrow as well as the functions of bone cells in skeletal homeostasis and pathologies. Because these two disciplines developed independently, investigators with an interest in either often do not fully appreciate the influence of the other system on the functions of the tissue that they are studying. With these issues in mind, this review will focus on several key areas that are mediated by crosstalk between the bone and immune systems. A more complete appreciation of the interactions between immune and bone cells should lead to better therapeutic strategies for diseases that affect either or both systems.
Figures
Fig. 1
A schematic diagram of the bone microenvironment. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are maintained in the stem cell niche that is suggested to be provided by osteoblast lineage cells. Mesenchymal stem cells give rise to adipocytes and osteoblast-lineage cells. Cells derived from HSC differentiate, mature and migrate to the periphery though the vascular system. Memory T and B cells or activated T cells come back to the bone microenvironment, and provide factors influencing the bone cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are derived from monocyte lineage cells, and resorb bone. Although not depicted in the diagram, there are numerous interactions among the cells in the bone microenvironment; hence it can be viewed as a loosely compartmentalized secondary lymphoid organ.
Fig. 2
A simplified view of osteoclast differentiation. RANKL produced by osteoblasts induces the differentiation of osteoclasts, and further regulates the activation and survival of mature osteoclasts. Some of the key transcription factors (PU.1, NF-κB, c-Fos, NFATc1) and signaling molecules (MAPK, c-Src, PI3K, AKT) are also shown in the diagram. HSC, hematopoietic stem cells.
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