Calmodulin-kinases: modulators of neuronal development and plasticity - PubMed (original) (raw)
Review
Calmodulin-kinases: modulators of neuronal development and plasticity
Gary A Wayman et al. Neuron. 2008.
Erratum in
- Neuron. 2009 Nov 25;64(4):590. Silva, Alcino [corrected to Silva, Alcino J]
Abstract
In the nervous system, many intracellular responses to elevated calcium are mediated by CaM kinases (CaMKs), a family of protein kinases whose activities are initially modulated by binding Ca(2+)/calmodulin and subsequently by protein phosphorylation. One member of this family, CaMKII, is well-established for its effects on modulating synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. However, recent studies indicate that some actions on neuronal development and function attributed to CaMKII may instead or in addition be mediated by other members of the CaMK cascade, such as CaMKK, CaMKI, and CaMKIV. This review summarizes key neuronal functions of the CaMK cascade in signal transduction, gene transcription, synaptic development and plasticity, and behavior. The technical challenges of mapping cellular protein kinase signaling pathways are also discussed.
Figures
Figure 1. Schematic of CaM-Kinase Domains and Activation Properties
(A) CaM-kinase domains: catalytic domains, green; autoinhibitory domains, orange; Ca2+/CaM-binding domains, yellow; association domain (CaMKII), red. (Reproduced by permission from Soderling and Stull, 2001). (B) Effects of Ca2+/CaM and autophosphorylation and/or phosphorylation on total kinase activity (+Ca2+/CaM, blue) or autonomous activity (−Ca2+/CaM, gray). The putative autophosphorylation site (S/T?) in CaMKIV is unknown. See text for details (Structure and Regulatory Mechanisms).
Figure 2. Cellular Signaling by CaMKs
Elevated intracellular Ca2+/CaM bind to and activate CaMKII, CaMKK, CaMKI, and CaMKIV. CaMKII autophosphorylates to generate significant autonomous activity (see Figure 1). Primary targets of CaMKK are CaMKI (cytosolic) and CaMKIV (nuclear)—these require binding of Ca2+/CaM to both CaMKK and CaMKI/CaMKIV (see Figure 1). Secondary substrates of CaMKK, which are phosphorylated at much slower rates than CaMKI and CaMKIV, are PKB/Akt and members of the AMP-kinase family, including SAD-B. Crosstalk between adenylyl cyclase (A.C.)/PKA to inhibit CaMKK and between CaMKI to activate MEK/Erk are illustrated. See text for details.
Figure 3. Regulation of Spine/Synapse Formation by CaMKs
Neuronal activity, via Ca2+ influx through the NMDAR, can activate both CaMKII and CaMKK/CaMKI. (Left side) CaMKII is complexed with PSD-95 and the Rac GEF kalarin-7, which it phosphorylates and activates to promote Pak-mediated actin formation and dendritic spines. (Right side) Similarly, CaMKK and CaMKIα are part of a multiprotein complex with the Rac GEF βPIX and GIT1, which localizes it in spines. CaMKI phosphorylates and activates βPIX to stimulate Rac- and Pak-mediated spine and synapse formation.
Figure 4. Regulation of Dendritic Development by CaMKγ
(Top right) Neurotropins. Initial outgrowth of neurites to form dendrites (total length ~100 μm) is regulated in part by spontaneous and/or neurotropin-mediated (e.g., BDNF) activation of lipid-modified CaMKIγ that is colocalized in a lipid raft with Rac and its GEF, STEF. This signaling pathway is postulated to enhance actin polymerization and thereby promote dendrite formation. Neuronal Activity. Continued dendritic arborization (total length >1000 μm) via neuronal activity requires Ca2+ influx through the NMDAR to activate CaMKK and both α and γ CaMKI. The CaMKIγ activates the MEK/Erk pathway to stimulate CREB-dependent synthesis of Wnt-2 and microRNA132 (miR132). Wnts are known to stimulate dendritic development via β-catenins, and miR132 suppresses translation of p250GAP, thereby stimulating Rac1 and dendritic outgrowth. Downstream targets of CaMKIα in this system remain to be identified—potential candidates are discussed in the text (Neuronal Development and Table 1). Modified figure used by permission (Ciani and Salinas, 2008).
Figure 5. Schematic of CaMK Activations by Long-Term Potentiation
(Top) Hippocampal CA1 LTP induction elicits an NMDAR-mediated spike of [Ca2+]I in dendritic spines. This elevated Ca2+/CaM triggers rapid CaMKII activation (KII act) and intramolecular autophosphorylation (KII~P) to generate autonomous CaMKII activity that persists, even after slow dissociation of Ca2+/CaM, for at least 1 hr. This autonomous CaMKII activity can phosphorylate numerous substrates in the postsynaptic density that may contribute to synaptic potentiation. The elevated spine Ca2+/CaM also activates CaMKK to phosphorylate (KI~P) and activate CaMKI (KI act). Although CaMKI phosphorylation persists for at least 1 hr, its activity is more transient since autonomous activity is not generated (see Figure 1). However, even when [Ca2+]I returns to basal values, CaMKI will remain somewhat activated by basal Ca2+/CaM due to its activity via CaMKK phosphorylation. If the LTP induction protocol results in CaMKI-mediated transient incorporation of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs, the [Ca2+]I should remain somewhat elevated for ~20–25 min due to spontaneous activation of the AMPARs (data not shown). This source of [Ca2+]I may uniquely activated Ca2+-dependent proteins necessary for maintenance of the LTP. (Bottom) LTP induction also promotes a transient (3–10 min) phosphorylation (KIV~P) and activation (KIV act) of CaMKIV in the nucleus that is thought to promote CREB-dependent gene transcription that may be necessary for maintenance of LTP. See section on Synaptic Plasticity for details.
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