The oral microbial consortium's interaction with the periodontal innate defense system - PubMed (original) (raw)

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The oral microbial consortium's interaction with the periodontal innate defense system

Richard P Darveau. DNA Cell Biol. 2009 Aug.

Abstract

The oral microbial consortium is the most characterized polymicrobial microbial community associated with the human host. Extensive sampling of both microbial and tissue samples has demonstrated that there is a strong association between the type of microbial community found in the gingival crevice and the status of innate host mediator expression. The strong clinical association between the microbial community and the innate host response in both clinically healthy and diseased tissue suggests that the oral consortium has a direct effect on periodontal tissue expression of innate defense mediators. A preliminary study in germ-free mice has demonstrated that the oral commensal consortium has direct effect on IL-1beta expression, indicating that this microbial community may contribute to the strong protective status of healthy gingival tissue. Likewise, the lipopolysaccharide composition and invasion characteristics of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral bacterium strongly associated with periodontitis, suggest that it may be a keystone member of the oral microbial community and facilitate a destructive change in the protective gingival innate host status.

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Figures

FIG. 1.

FIG. 1.

Innate host defense status in clinically normal tissue. Recently, it has been demonstrated that clinically healthy tissue displays low level expression of select inflammatory mediators. The expression of E selectin on the vascular endothelium, for example, is believed to facilitate leukocyte exit from the vasculature into surrounding tissue where they remove bacteria. A gradient of IL-8 expression (indicated by shades of gray) exists in normal tissue to guide leukocytes to the site of bacterial colonization. Recent evidence (Darveau et al., unpublished) suggests that the biofilm of gingival health may provide the stimulus for expression of these mediators, suggesting a commensal relationship between the host and these bacteria. This figure is based on the work of Tonetti et al. (1994) and Moughal et al. (1992). Reprinted with permission from Darveau et al. (1997).

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

Innate host defense status in adult periodontitis. In adult periodontitis, the molecular mediators of inflammation that are expressed in clinically healthy tissue are expressed at higher levels, and new mediators are present. The gradient of IL-8 expression found in healthy tissue is disrupted (see Fig. 1 legend), and a pocket epithelium forms. This figure is based on the work of Tonetti et al. (1994) and Moughal et al. (1992). TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase. Reprinted with permission from Darveau et al. (1997).

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