Social stress desensitizes lymphocytes to regulation by endogenous glucocorticoids: insights from in vivo cell trafficking dynamics in rhesus macaques - PubMed (original) (raw)

Social stress desensitizes lymphocytes to regulation by endogenous glucocorticoids: insights from in vivo cell trafficking dynamics in rhesus macaques

Steve W Cole et al. Psychosom Med. 2009 Jul.

Abstract

Objective: To determine whether chronic social stress can desensitize leukocytes to normal physiologic regulation by endogenous glucocorticoids.

Methods: We analyzed the longitudinal relationship between plasma cortisol levels and peripheral blood lymphocyte counts over 16 monthly assessments in 18 rhesus macaques randomized to recurrent social encounters with a stable set of conspecifics or continually varying social partners (unstable socialization).

Results: Animals socialized under stable conditions showed the expected inverse relationship between plasma cortisol concentrations and circulating lymphocyte frequencies. That relationship was significantly attenuated in animals subject to unstable social conditions. Differences in leukocyte redistributional sensitivity to endogenous glucocorticoids emerged within the first week of differential socialization, persisted throughout the 60-week study period, and were correlated with other measures of glucocorticoid desensitization (blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute stress and redistributional response to dexamethasone challenge). Effects of unstable social conditions on leukocyte sensitivity to cortisol regulation were not related to physical aggression.

Conclusion: Chronic social stress can impair normal physiologic regulation of leukocyte function by the HPA axis in ways that may contribute to the increased physical health risks associated with social adversity.

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Figures

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1

Effect of dexamethasone administration on (a.) circulating neutrophil numbers, and (b.) circulating lymphocyte numbers. (c.) Reliability of leukocyte subset responses to dexamethasone injection, expressed as change relative to baseline standard deviation (Cohen’s d).

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2

Sensitivity of circulating lymphocyte frequencies to endogenous cortisol levels in Stable vs. Unstable social conditions. Magnitude of cortisol sensitivity is quantified by the Spearman rank correlation between plasma cortisol concentrations and circulating lymphocyte numbers at 2 and 4 months prior to study entry, and monthly afterward during 16 months of differential socialization.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3

(a.) Effect of acute restraint stress on plasma cortisol levels in macaques subject to Stable (dashed line) vs. Unstable social conditions (solid line). (b.) Effect of pharmacologic dexamethasone challenge on circulating lymphocyte numbers in macaques subject to Stable (dashed line) vs. Unstable social conditions (solid line).

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