CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) promotes prostate cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis - PubMed (original) (raw)

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CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) promotes prostate cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis

Jian Zhang et al. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2010 Feb.

Abstract

CCL2 is a chemokine known to recruit monocytes and macrophages to sites of inflammation. A growing body of research suggests CCL2 is progressively overexpressed in tumor beds and may play a role in the clinical progression of solid tumors. Cancer cells derived from several solid tumor types demonstrate functional receptors for CCL2, suggesting this chemokine may achieve tumorigenicity through direct effects on malignant cells; however, a variety of normal host cells that co-exist with cancer in the tumor microenvironment also respond to CCL2. These cells include macrophages, osteoclasts, endothelial cells, T-lymphocytes, and myeloid-derived immune suppressor cells (MDSCs). CCL2 mediated interactions between normal and malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment and plays a multi-faceted role in tumor progression.

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Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1

CCL2 is tumorigenic through its direct effects on tumor cells and its influence on normal host cells.

Figure 2

Figure 2

Proposed mechanism by which CCL2 controls autophagic death in prostate cancer cells. Roca H et al., Autophagy.2008, 4(7):969-71.

Figure 3

Figure 3

CCL2 has pro-angiogenic effects on endothelial cells through elevated tumor-derived VEGF-A. Li X et al., Cancer Res. 2009, 69(4):1685-92.

Figure 4

Figure 4

Inhibition of CCL2 reduced the number of infiltrating macrophages in VCaP xenografts. Loberg RD et al., Neoplasia. 2007, 9(7):556-62.

Figure 5

Figure 5

CCL2 neutralizing antibodies diminish osteoclast formation induced by prostate cancer conditioned media. Lu Yet al., Cancer Res. 2007, 67(8):3646-53.

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