Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms

Neil P Roberts et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010.

Abstract

Background: The amelioration of psychological distress following traumatic events is a major concern. Systematic reviews suggest that interventions targeted at all of those exposed to such events are not effective at preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recently other forms of intervention have been developed with the aim of treating acute traumatic stress problems.

Objectives: To perform a systematic review of randomised controlled trials of all psychological treatments and interventions commenced within three months of a traumatic event aimed at treating acute traumatic stress reactions. The review followed the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration.

Search strategy: Systematic searches were performed of of CCDAN Registers up to August 2008. Editions of key journals were searched by hand over a period of two years; personal communication was undertaken with key experts in the field; online discussion fora were searched.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of any psychological intervention or treatment designed to reduce acute traumatic stress symptoms, with the exception of single session interventions.

Data collection and analysis: Data were entered and analysed for summary effects using Review Manager 5.0 software. Standardised mean differences were calculated for continuous variable outcome data. Relative risks were calculated for dichotomous outcome data. When statistical heterogeneity was present a random effects model was applied.

Main results: Fifteen studies (two with long term follow-up studies) were identified examining a range of interventions.In terms of main findings, twelve studies evaluated brief trauma focused cognitive behavioural interventions (TF-CBT). TF-CBT was more effective than a waiting list intervention (6 studies, 471 participants; SMD -0.64, 95% CI -1.06, -0.23) and supportive counselling (4 studies, 198 participants; SMD -0.67, 95% CI -1.12, -0.23). Effects against supportive counselling were still present at 6 month follow-up (4 studies, 170 participants; SMD -0.64, 95% CI -1.02, -0.25). There was no evidence of the effectiveness of a structured writing intervention when compared against minimal intervention (2 studies, 149 participants; SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.48, 0.17).

Authors' conclusions: There was evidence that individual TF-CBT was effective for individuals with acute traumatic stress symptoms compared to both waiting list and supportive counselling interventions. The quality of trials included was variable and sample sizes were often small. There was considerable clinical heterogeneity in the included studies and unexplained statistical heterogeneity observed in some comparisons. This suggests the need for caution in interpreting the results of this review. Additional high quality trials with longer follow up periods are required to further test TF-CBT and other forms of psychological intervention.

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Conflict of interest statement

JIB has published one RCT that was included in the review.

Figures

1.1

1.1. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 1 Severity of PTSD symptoms (clinician administered): Initial outcome.

1.2

1.2. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 2 Severity of PTSD symptoms for individuals meeting diagnosis for ASD or acute PTSD (clinician administered).

1.3

1.3. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 3 Severity of PTSD symptoms (clinician administered): 3‐5 month follow‐up.

1.4

1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 4 Severity of PTSD symptoms (clinician administered): 9‐11 month follow‐up.

1.5

1.5. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 5 Severity of PTSD symptoms (self report): Initial outcome.

1.6

1.6. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 6 Severity of PTSD symptoms for individuals meeting diagnosis for ASD or acute PTSD (self report).

1.7

1.7. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 7 Severity of PTSD symptoms (self report): 9‐11 month follow‐up.

1.8

1.8. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 8 PTSD diagnosis after treatment: Initial outcome.

1.9

1.9. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 9 PTSD diagnosis after treatment for individuals meeting diagnosis for ASD or acute PTSD: Initial outcome.

1.10

1.10. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 10 PTSD diagnosis after treatment: 3‐5 month follow‐up.

1.11

1.11. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 11 PTSD diagnosis after treatment: 9‐11 month follow‐up.

1.12

1.12. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 12 Anxiety: Initial outcome.

1.13

1.13. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 13 Anxiety 3‐5 month follow‐up.

1.14

1.14. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 14 Anxiety: 9‐11 month follow‐up.

1.15

1.15. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 15 Depression: Initial outcome.

1.16

1.16. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 16 Depression: 3‐5 month follow‐up.

1.17

1.17. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 17 Depression: 9‐11 month follow‐up.

1.18

1.18. Analysis

Comparison 1 Trauma focused CBT vs waiting list, Outcome 18 Leaving the study early due to any reason.

2.1

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Structured writing intervention vs minimal intervention, Outcome 1 Severity of PTSD symptoms: self report: initial outcome.

2.2

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Structured writing intervention vs minimal intervention, Outcome 2 Anxiety.

2.3

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Structured writing intervention vs minimal intervention, Outcome 3 Depression.

2.4

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Structured writing intervention vs minimal intervention, Outcome 4 Leaving the study early due to any reason.

3.1

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 1 Severity of PTSD symptoms (clinician administered): Initial outcome.

3.2

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 2 Severity of PTSD symptoms (clinician administered): 3‐6 month follow‐up.

3.3

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 3 Severity of PTSD symptoms (self report): Initial outcomes.

3.4

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 4 Severity of PTSD symptoms (self report): 3‐6 Month follow‐up.

3.5

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 5 PTSD diagnosis: initial outcomes.

3.6

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 6 PTSD diagnosis: 3‐6 month follow‐up.

3.7

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 7 Anxiety: initial outcome.

3.8

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 8 Anxiety: 3‐6 month follow‐up.

3.9

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 9 Depression: Initial outcome.

3.10

3.10. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 10 Depression: 3‐6 month follow‐up.

3.11

3.11. Analysis

Comparison 3 Trauma focused CBT vs supportive counselling, Outcome 11 Leaving the study early due to any reason.

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