The peopling of Europe from the mitochondrial haplogroup U5 perspective - PubMed (original) (raw)

The peopling of Europe from the mitochondrial haplogroup U5 perspective

Boris Malyarchuk et al. PLoS One. 2010.

Abstract

It is generally accepted that the most ancient European mitochondrial haplogroup, U5, has evolved essentially in Europe. To resolve the phylogeny of this haplogroup, we completely sequenced 113 mitochondrial genomes (79 U5a and 34 U5b) of central and eastern Europeans (Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Russians and Belorussians), and reconstructed a detailed phylogenetic tree, that incorporates previously published data. Molecular dating suggests that the coalescence time estimate for the U5 is approximately 25-30 thousand years (ky), and approximately 16-20 and approximately 20-24 ky for its subhaplogroups U5a and U5b, respectively. Phylogeographic analysis reveals that expansions of U5 subclusters started earlier in central and southern Europe, than in eastern Europe. In addition, during the Last Glacial Maximum central Europe (probably, the Carpathian Basin) apparently represented the area of intermingling between human flows from refugial zones in the Balkans, the Mediterranean coastline and the Pyrenees. Age estimations amounting for many U5 subclusters in eastern Europeans to approximately 15 ky ago and less are consistent with the view that during the Ice Age eastern Europe was an inhospitable place for modern humans.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1. Complete mtDNA phylogenetic tree of haplogroup U5.

This schematic tree is based on two phylogenetic trees (for U5a and U5b) presented in Figures S1 and S2, respectively. Nomenclature of hg U5 subclusters was applied in accordance with the classification described in the Table S1. Some unnamed tips are singular haplotypes (e.g. U5a1*) aggregated for the purposes of illustration. Time estimates (in ky) shown for mtDNA subclusters are based on the complete mitochondrial genome clock . The size of each circle is proportional to the number of individuals sharing the corresponding haplotype, with the smallest size corresponding to one individual. Geographical origins are indicated by different colors: eastern European – in blue, central European – in yellow, Mediterranean and western European – in fuchsia, and others (i.e. of unknown population origin) – in white. More detailed information on the origin of population samples can be found in Figures S1 and S2.

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