Directional cultural change by modification and replacement of memes - PubMed (original) (raw)
Directional cultural change by modification and replacement of memes
Gonçalo C Cardoso et al. Evolution. 2011 Jan.
Abstract
Evolutionary approaches to culture remain contentious. A source of contention is that cultural mutation may be substantial and, if it drives cultural change, then current evolutionary models are not adequate. But we lack studies quantifying the contribution of mutations to directional cultural change. We estimated the contribution of one type of cultural mutations--modification of memes--to directional cultural change using an amenable study system: learned birdsongs in a species that recently entered an urban habitat. Many songbirds have higher minimum song frequency in cities, to alleviate masking by low-frequency noise. We estimated that the input of meme modifications in an urban songbird population explains about half the extent of the population divergence in song frequency. This contribution of cultural mutations is large, but insufficient to explain the entire population divergence. The remaining divergence is due to selection of memes or creation of new memes. We conclude that the input of cultural mutations can be quantitatively important, unlike in genetic evolution, and that it operates together with other mechanisms of cultural evolution. For this and other traits, in which the input of cultural mutations might be important, quantitative studies of cultural mutation are necessary to calibrate realistic models of cultural evolution.
© 2010 The Author(s). Evolution© 2010 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
Figures
Figure 1
Examples of dark-eyed junco song types. Spectrograms of two song types, as sung by mountain (left panels) and urban males (right panels). Examples include a song type that differs little in minimum frequency between populations (top panels) and another that differs by a large extent (bottom panels).
Figure 2
Differences in minimum frequency of the same song types in the mountain and urban populations. (A) Paired differences for each of the 21 song types sung in both populations. (B) Average difference within song type, compared to the overall difference between populations (means ± SE).
Figure 3
Number of males singing each of the 168 urban song types. The best-fit linear and quadratic lines for these data are shown (see text for details).
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