Effects of neuroinflammation on the regenerative capacity of brain stem cells - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Effects of neuroinflammation on the regenerative capacity of brain stem cells

Isabella Russo et al. J Neurochem. 2011 Mar.

Abstract

In the adult brain, neurogenesis under physiological conditions occurs in the subventricular zone and in the dentate gyrus. Although the exact molecular mechanisms that regulate neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation are largely unknown, several factors have been shown to affect neurogenesis. Decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus has been recognized as one of the mechanisms of age-related brain dysfunction. Furthermore, in pathological conditions of the central nervous system associated with neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines can affect the capacity of brain stem cells and alter neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize the state of the art on the effects of neuroinflammation on adult neurogenesis and discuss the use of the lipopolysaccharide-model to study the effects of inflammation and reactive-microglia on brain stem cells and neurogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the possible causes underlying reduced neurogenesis with normal aging and potential anti-inflammatory, pro-neurogenic interventions aimed at improving memory deficits in normal and pathological aging and in neurodegenerative diseases.

© 2011 The Authors. Journal of Neurochemistry © 2011 International Society for Neurochemistry.

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Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1. Effects of neuroinflammation on neurogenesis

LPS-induced neuroinflammation causes reactive microgliosis, which contributes to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration by releasing inflammatory and neurotoxic factors (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, ROS). These pro-inflammatory mediators can alter the “neural stem cell” niche, leading to decrease in proliferation and neuronal differentiation of progenitor cells, which results in inhibition of neurogenesis. In contrast, other factors such as humoral growth factors, endocannabinoids, antioxidant agents, MSCs and iPSC-derived neurons implantation, IFN-γ, physical exercise and environmental enrichment can stimulate neurogenesis.

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