Striatal mechanisms underlying movement, reinforcement, and punishment - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Striatal mechanisms underlying movement, reinforcement, and punishment

Alexxai V Kravitz et al. Physiology (Bethesda). 2012 Jun.

Abstract

Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement and reward, and indirect pathway neurons mediate punishment and aversion.

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Conflict of interest statement

No conflicts of interest, financial or otzherwise, are declared by the author(s).

Figures

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Sagittal schematic of basal ganglia circuitry

This schematic shows the major projects in the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways. GPe, external globus pallidus; STN, subthalamic nucleus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Four ways to shape behavior

Positive reinforcement (+R) and punishment (+P) involve adding stimuli to increase or decrease behavior. Negative reinforcement (−R) and punishment (−P) involve removing stimuli to increase or decrease behavior.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. A model for how striatal plasticity may modulate reinforcement and punishment

Long-term potentiation of synapses onto direct or indirect pathway neurons may cause positive reinforcement or punishment, while long-term depression of these synapses may cause negative reinforcement or punishment. Through such plasticity, the motoric and rewarding effects elicited by contexts, cues, and actions can be updated to alter future behavior.

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