Adiponectin is critical in determining susceptibility to depressive behaviors and has antidepressant-like activity - PubMed (original) (raw)

Fig. 2.

Adiponectin haploinsufficiency increases susceptibility to stress-induced depression-like behaviors. (A, Left) Total plasma adiponectin levels in Adipo+/− mice and wild-type littermates. n = 5–6 per group. ***P < 0.001. (Right) Adiponectin oligomers as determined by gel elctrophoresis under nonreducing and nonheat-denaturing conditions. (B) Locomotor activity. There is no significant difference in locomotor performance within 2 h between Adipo+/− mice and wild-type littermate controls (F(1,188) = 0.073, P = 0.788). n = 8 per group. (C) Social-defeat–induced social withdrawal. Left graph, nondefeated Adipo+/− mice and wild-type littermate mice show no difference in social interaction measured at 0, 4, and 14 d after housing in cages identical to defeated mice (genotype F(1,82) = 0.004, P = 0.948; target F(1,82) = 7.350, P < 0.01; time F(2,82) = 1.752, P = 0.180; genotype × target F(1,82) = 0.282, P = 0.597; genotype × time F(2,82) = 0.0128, P = 0.987; genotype × target × time F(2,82) = 0.449, P = 0.956_). Center_ graph and image, Adipo+/− mice display significant social aversion following 4 d of social defeat (genotype F(1,48) = 15.384, P < 0.001; target F(1,48) = 17.194, P < 0.001; genotype × target F(1,48) = 4.860, P < 0.05). Right graph, both Adipo+/− mice and wild-type littermate controls exhibit social aversion after 14 d of social defeat (genotype F(1,38) = 0.008, P = 0.929; target F(1,38) = 20.486, P < 0.001; genotype × target F(1,38) = 0.108, P = 0.744). Nondefeat control n = 7–9 per group; defeat, n = 10–15 per group. **P < 0.01 compared with the respective no-target conditions; ##P < 0.01 compared with wild-type littermates with the presence of a target. (D) Social-defeat–induced anhedonia. Adipo+/− mice show significant reduction in sucrose preference following social-defeat stress (genotype F(1,46) = 6.785, P = 0.01; defeat F(2,46) = 4.936, P = 0.01). n = 8–9 per group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with presocial-defeat conditions. (E) Inescapable foot-shock–induced learned helplessness. There are significant effects of genotype, shock stress, and genotype × shock stress interaction on escape latency (Left, genotype F(1,32) = 4.248, P < 0.05; shock stress F(1,32) = 25.015, P < 0.001; genotype × stress interaction F(1,32) = 5.636, P < 0.05) and number of failure to escape (Right, genotype F(1,32) = 4.545, P < 0.05; shock stress F(1,32) = 20.831, P < 0.001; genotype × stress interaction F(1,32) = 4.545, P < 0.05). Wild-type, n = 6 for nonshock and n = 10 for shock treatment; Adipo+/−, n = 8 for nonshock and n = 12 for shock treatment. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with wild-type littermates exposed to foot-shock stress. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM.