Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis - PubMed (original) (raw)

FIGURE 1.

RRs (95% CIs) for type 2 diabetes according to joint categories of GI (tertiles; A), GL (tertiles; B), and cereal fiber (tertiles) in all 3 cohorts combined. Multivariable RRs were adjusted for age (y), BMI (in kg/m2; <21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, 30–34.9, 35–39.9, or ≥40), race (white or nonwhite), smoking (never; past; current: 1–14, 15–24, or >24 cigarettes/d), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–9.9, 10–14.9, or ≥15 g/d), postmenopausal hormone use (women only; premenopausal, postmenopausal current user, or postmenopausal never/past user), oral contraceptive use (women only; never, past, or current), physical activity (<3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, or ≥27 metabolic equivalent task hours/wk), family history of diabetes (yes or no), total energy intake (quintiles), and intakes of total coffee (quintiles), energy-adjusted PUFAs (quintiles), energy-adjusted _trans_ fatty acids (quintiles), energy-adjusted SFAs (quintiles), energy-adjusted MUFAs (quintiles), and energy-adjusted protein (quintiles; only for panel A). Results were combined with the use of a fixed-effects model. All statistical tests were conducted by using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Low GI, high cereal fiber: _n_ = 19,524; medium GI, high cereal fiber: _n_ = 24,491; high GI, high cereal fiber: _n_ = 24,367; low GI, medium cereal fiber: _n_ = 21,392; medium GI, medium cereal fiber: _n_ = 24,029; high GI, medium cereal fiber: _n_ = 22,793; low GI, low cereal fiber: _n_ = 27,474; medium GI, low cereal fiber: _n_ = 19,862; high GI, low cereal fiber: _n_ = 21,224. _P_-interaction >0.20 in all 3 cohorts. Low GL, high cereal fiber: n = 9826; medium GL, high cereal fiber: n = 23,669; high GL, high cereal fiber: n = 34,888; low GL, medium cereal fiber: n = 22,326; medium GL, medium cereal fiber: n = 26,486; high GL, medium cereal fiber: n = 19,403; low GL, low cereal fiber: n = 36,270; medium GL, low cereal fiber: n = 18,150; high GL, low cereal fiber: n = 14,140. _P_-interaction >0.10 in all 3 cohorts. GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load; REF, reference.