A Meta-Analysis of Effect of Dietary Salt Restriction on Blood Pressure in Chinese Adults - PubMed (original) (raw)

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A Meta-Analysis of Effect of Dietary Salt Restriction on Blood Pressure in Chinese Adults

Miao Wang et al. Glob Heart. 2015 Dec.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of dietary salt reduction on blood pressure (BP) in Chinese adults and the effects of China-specific cooking salt-reduction strategies (the use of salt substitutes and salt-restriction spoons). The PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for studies satisfying the search criteria. Outcomes extracted from each included study were 24-h urinary sodium excretion, salt (sodium chloride) intake, and BP before and after dietary salt lowering. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed, and results were evaluated for evidence of publication bias and heterogeneity. Because most studies aggregated results for hypertensive and normotensive participants, estimates were made for hypertensive participants only and for hypertensive and normotensive participants combined. Six salt-restriction experiment studies (3,153 participants), 4 cooking salt-restriction spoon studies (3,715 participants), and 4 cooking salt-substitute studies (1,730 participants) were analyzed. In salt-restriction experiment studies, the pooled estimate of mean change in 24-h urinary sodium excretion in hypertensive participants was -163.0 mmol/day (95% confidence interval [CI]: -233.5 to -92.5 mmol/day), which was associated with a mean reduction of -8.9 mm Hg (95% CI: -14.1 to -3.7 mm Hg) in systolic BP. Each 1.00-g dietary salt reduction in hypertensive participants was associated with a reduction of 0.94 mm Hg in systolic BP (95% CI: 0.69 to 1.03 mm Hg). These systolic BP reductions in hypertensive participants were 1.71 times greater compared with the mixed hypertensive and normotensive group. Salt-restriction spoon studies demonstrated a 1.46-g decrease in daily salt intake level. The effect of salt-substitute use on systolic BP control was substantial among the hypertensive participants (-4.2 mm Hg; 95% CI: -7.0 to -1.3 mm Hg), but the change did not reach statistical significance in hypertensive and normotensive participants combined (-2.31 mm Hg; 95% CI: -5.57 to 0.94 mm Hg). Salt restriction lowers mean BP in Chinese adults, with the strongest effect among hypertensive participants. Future studies of salt-restriction strategies should be report results stratified by hypertension status and adjust for medication use.

Copyright © 2015 World Heart Federation (Geneva). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. The funders of the study had no input regarding study design, data analysis or interpretation or writing of the paper.

Figures

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Meta-analysis of the change of sodium (mmol/day) after dietary salt reduction in Chinese adults

Conversions: 1 g sodium chloride = 0.393 g sodium, 1 g sodium = 43.5 mmol sodium. CI, confidence interval; HT, hypertensive; NT, normotensive; WMD, weighted mean difference. “NT and HT”; 6 participant groups from 4 studies were analyzed; normotensive and hypertensive were analyzed together because results were not reported stratified by hypertension status. Details of the selected studies and participant groups are reported in Appendix table 1.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Meta-analysis for the change of systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) after dietary salt reduction in Chinese adults

CI, confidence interval; HT, hypertensive; NT, normotensive; NT and HT, study does not report results by NT and HT status; WMD, weighted mean difference.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. Meta-analysis for the change of diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) after dietary salt reduction in Chinese adults

CI, confidence interval; HT, hypertensive; NT, normotensive; NT and HT, study does not report results by NT and HT status; WMD, weighted mean difference.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. Effect of salt-restriction spoon use on sodium chloride consumption in Chinese adults

WMD, weighted mean difference Except Guihong Lin’s study in which 30 hypertensives were enrolled (1993), the other 3 studies enrolled both normotensive and hypertensive; results were not reported by hypertension status. Details in Appendix table 3.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. Effect of salt substitute use on systolic blood pressure (mmHg) in Chinese adults

ES, effect size. Participants all mixed with normotensives and hypertensives and the result was not reported by hypertension status ES, effect size.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. Effect of salt substitute use on diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) in Chinese adults

Participants all mixed with normotensives and hypertensives and the result was not reported by hypertension status ES, effect size.

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