Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes - PubMed (original) (raw)

Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

J Borovička et al. Persoonia. 2015 Jun.

Abstract

Five Psilocybe species with unresolved systematic position (P. atrobrunnea, P. laetissima, P. medullosa, P. pelliculosa, and P. silvatica) were investigated using four molecular markers (EF1-α, ITS, LSU, and IGS). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that with the exception of P. laetissima, which is now rightfully classified in the genus Leratiomyces, all investigated species belong to Psilocybe sect. Psilocybe. For the first time, psychotropic compounds psilocin and psilocybin were detected in P. medullosa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. On the contrary, neither psilocin, nor psilocybin was detected in P. atrobrunnea and negative results were also obtained from mycelia grown in vitro on tryptamine/tryptophan-amended media. These results strongly suggest that biosynthesis of these alkaloids was lost in P. atrobrunnea. With the exception of minor differences detected in EF1-α marker, all sequences of American and European collections of P. atrobrunnea were identical. On the other hand, a thorough nomenclatural study revealed that the name P. atrobrunnea must be considered dubious; the oldest available candidate name, P. fuscofulva, was therefore adopted. The molecular data suggests that morphologically identical American P. silvatica and European P. medullosa likely represent distinct species; epitypes of both taxa were therefore designated.

Keywords: Leratiomyces; Strophariaceae; hallucinogenic fungi; phylogeny; psilocin; psilocybin.

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Figures

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Total (first line) and single ion (second, third, and fourth line) GC–MS chromatograms of the silylated extract of Psilocybe medullosa (PRM 909630). Ions typical for silylated psilocin are m/z 58 and 290, ions typical for silylated psilocybin are m/z 58 and 455. Retention time of silylated psilocin (PS) is 12:74, retention time of silylated psilocybin (PSB) is 13:91.

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

Mass spectrum of the silylated psilocin found in the extract of Psilocybe medullosa (PRM 909630).

Fig. 3

Fig. 3

Mass spectrum of the silylated psilocybin found in the extract of Psilocybe medullosa (PRM 909630).

Fig. 4

Fig. 4

a. Maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian trees as inferred from EF-1α nucleotide sequences (including introns). Numbers above branches indicate ML bootstrap support, MP bootstrap support, and Bayesian posterior probabilities, respectively; b. ML tree as inferred from ITS nucleotide sequences; c. ML tree as inferred from partial LSU rRNA gene sequences; d. ML tree as inferred from a combined dataset of EF-1α+LSU+ITS. All shown ML trees were constructed using gamma corrected GTR model (GTR+I+G). Numbers above branches in Fig. b, c, and d indicate ML/MP bootstrap support (both from 1 000 replicates)/Bayesian posterior probabilities.

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