The Beneficial Effect of Equisetum giganteum L. against Candida Biofilm Formation: New Approaches to Denture Stomatitis - PubMed (original) (raw)

The Beneficial Effect of Equisetum giganteum L. against Candida Biofilm Formation: New Approaches to Denture Stomatitis

Rafaela A S Alavarce et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015.

Abstract

Equisetum giganteum L. (E. giganteum), Equisetaceae, commonly called "giant horsetail," is an endemic plant of Central and South America and is used in traditional medicine as diuretic and hemostatic in urinary disorders and in inflammatory conditions among other applications. The chemical composition of the extract EtOH 70% of E. giganteum has shown a clear presence of phenolic compounds derived from caffeic and ferulic acids and flavonoid heterosides derived from quercitin and kaempferol, in addition to styrylpyrones. E. giganteum, mainly at the highest concentrations, showed antimicrobial activity against the relevant microorganisms tested: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. It also demonstrated antiadherent activity on C. albicans biofilms in an experimental model that is similar to dentures. Moreover, all concentrations tested showed anti-inflammatory activity. The extract did not show cytotoxicity in contact with human cells. These properties might qualify E. giganteum extract to be a promising alternative for the topic treatment and prevention of oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis.

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Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1

Structure of the flavonoids and styrylpyrones identified by UHPLC-PAD-ESI-MS_n_ in the hydroethanolic extract of E. giganteum.

Figure 2

Figure 2

UHPLC-PAD analytical chromatogram of the 70% EtOH extract of the aerial parts of E. giganteum at λ = 254 nm. Mobile phase was water ultrapure (eluent A) and methanol (eluent B), both containing 0.1% of formic acid. The ratio was 5–100 of A in B in 20 min. Injection volume: 10.0 _μ_L; Thermo Scientific column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 _μ_m); column temperature: 25°C; flow ratio: 0.4 mL·min−1.

Figure 3

Figure 3

Median ± S.D. of percentage of killing against E. coli O:124, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and C. albicans SC 5314, after 24 hours in contact with extract at different concentrations (mg/mL): 50 (E50), 25 (E25), 16 (E16), 8 (E8), and 4 (E4). The respective controls were incubated with 1% sodium hypochlorite (CTRL/NaOCl) or with culture medium (CTRL/Medium), which showed no killing of microorganisms (0%). ∗ p < 0.05 represents a significant change compared with the CTRL/Medium. Five independent experiments were performed in triplicate (n = 15).

Figure 4

Figure 4

Confocal microscopy images of Candida albicans biofilms after each treatment with extract. (a) E50; (b) E25; (c) E16; (d) CTRL/PBS; and (e) CTRL/NaOCl. Six independent experiments were performed in triplicate.

Figure 5

Figure 5

Production of ROS by human monocyte cells cultured and treated with LPS and C. albicans in the presence or absence of extracts as described in Materials and Methods. Results are expressed as mean ± S.D. of at least four experiments. Symbols indicate significant difference (p < 0.05): _∗_in comparison with LPS-treated cells and δ compared with _C. albicans_-treated cells, in the presence of extract in all concentrations tested.

Figure 6

Figure 6

(a) Effects of E. giganteum on cell viability of human monocytes. The viability of cells under treatments with different concentrations of E. giganteum was investigated by MTT assays. Data shown are the mean ± S.D. of at least four independent experiments. Asterisks indicate significant difference compared with the control (p < 0.05). (b) The effects of E. giganteum on cell viability of HEPCs. The viability of cells under treatments with different concentrations of E. giganteum was investigated by MTT assays. Data shown are the mean ± S.D. of at least three independent experiments; ∗ p < 0.05 represents a significant change compared with the control.

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