A Common Genetic Origin for Early Farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK Cultures - PubMed (original) (raw)

. 2015 Dec;32(12):3132-42.

doi: 10.1093/molbev/msv181. Epub 2015 Sep 2.

Hannes Schroeder 2, Marcela Sandoval-Velasco 3, Lasse Vinner 3, Irene Lobón 1, Oscar Ramirez 1, Sergi Civit 4, Pablo García Borja 5, Domingo C Salazar-García 6, Sahra Talamo 7, Josep María Fullola 8, Francesc Xavier Oms 8, Mireia Pedro 8, Pablo Martínez 9, Montserrat Sanz 10, Joan Daura 11, João Zilhão 12, Tomàs Marquès-Bonet 13, M Thomas P Gilbert 3, Carles Lalueza-Fox 14

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A Common Genetic Origin for Early Farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK Cultures

Iñigo Olalde et al. Mol Biol Evol. 2015 Dec.

Abstract

The spread of farming out of the Balkans and into the rest of Europe followed two distinct routes: An initial expansion represented by the Impressa and Cardial traditions, which followed the Northern Mediterranean coastline; and another expansion represented by the LBK (Linearbandkeramik) tradition, which followed the Danube River into Central Europe. Although genomic data now exist from samples representing the second migration, such data have yet to be successfully generated from the initial Mediterranean migration. To address this, we generated the complete genome of a 7,400-year-old Cardial individual (CB13) from Cova Bonica in Vallirana (Barcelona), as well as partial nuclear data from five others excavated from different sites in Spain and Portugal. CB13 clusters with all previously sequenced early European farmers and modern-day Sardinians. Furthermore, our analyses suggest that both Cardial and LBK peoples derived from a common ancient population located in or around the Balkan Peninsula. The Iberian Cardial genome also carries a discernible hunter-gatherer genetic signature that likely was not acquired by admixture with local Iberian foragers. Our results indicate that retrieving ancient genomes from similarly warm Mediterranean environments such as the Near East is technically feasible.

Keywords: Cardial ware; Neolithic; migration; paleogenomics.

© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Figures

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Early Neolithic Cardial culture. (A) Main cultural horizons associated with the earliest Neolithic of Central and Western Europe approximately 6,000–5,500 cal BCE. 1, Cova Bonica; 2, Cova de la Sarsa; 3, Cova de l‘Or; 4, Galeria da Cisterna-Almonda. (B) Cardial ceramics from Cova de la Sarsa. The impressed decoration is characteristically made with the serrated edge of cockle shells.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Genetic affinities of CB13. (A) Procrustes PCA of hunter–gatherers, Early Neolithic, Middle Neolithic, and Copper Age farmers. The PCA was performed using only transversions (to avoid confounding effects related to postmortem damage). (B) Ancestry proportions assuming 11 ancestral components, as inferred by ADMIXTURE analysis.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Outgroup f3-statistic analysis of CB13 Cardial genome. (A) Shared genetic drift between CB13 and present-day Western Eurasian populations. (B) Top 40 populations/individuals (modern and ancient) showing the highest genetic drift with CB13. Black and gray error bars represent two and three standard errors, respectively.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

_D_-statistics to determine whether CB13 and other Neolithic farmers are closer to any hunter–gatherer. Black and gray error bars represent two and three standard errors, respectively.

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