Chromatin dynamics after DNA damage: The legacy of the access-repair-restore model - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Chromatin dynamics after DNA damage: The legacy of the access-repair-restore model

Sophie E Polo et al. DNA Repair (Amst). 2015 Dec.

Abstract

Eukaryotic genomes are packaged into chromatin, which is the physiological substrate for all DNA transactions, including DNA damage and repair. Chromatin organization imposes major constraints on DNA damage repair and thus undergoes critical rearrangements during the repair process. These rearrangements have been integrated into the "access-repair-restore" (ARR) model, which provides a molecular framework for chromatin dynamics in response to DNA damage. Here, we take a historical perspective on the elaboration of this model and describe the molecular players involved in damaged chromatin reorganization in human cells. In particular, we present our current knowledge of chromatin assembly coupled to DNA damage repair, focusing on the role of histone variants and their dedicated chaperones. Finally, we discuss the impact of chromatin rearrangements after DNA damage on chromatin function and epigenome maintenance.

Keywords: Chromatin assembly; DNA damage repair; Epigenome maintenance; Histone chaperones; Histone variants.

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Conflict of interest statement

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Figures

Fig.1. The Access-Repair-Restore model: from the initial concepts to the most recent molecular principles

Nucleosome rearrangements during repair of damaged chromatin in mammalian cells as described in the Unfolding-Refolding model (A), which developed in the Unfolding-Refolding-Repositioning model (B), Access-Repair-Restore model (C) and, more recently, in the Access/Prime-Repair/Restore model (D). DNA is represented in purple, the repair synthesis patch in pink, histone modifications in orange, inner core histones in grey, outer core histones in dark blue and newly synthesized histones in green.

Fig.2. Restoration of UVC-damaged chromatin structure and function through de novo deposition of H3 variants

A. Main histone H3 variants and their dedicated chaperones in mammalian cells Amino acids that differ between the histone variant sequences are indicated except for the more divergent centromeric variant CENPA. Less well characterized H3 variants are listed in parentheses. CAF1, HIRA, HJURP are histone chaperones. B. Restoration of chromatin organization after UVC damage involves de novo deposition of H3 variants Repair factors that facilitate the recruitment of the histone chaperones HIRA and CAF-1 to UV-damaged chromatin regions are depicted in blue. HIRA-mediated deposition of new H3.3 (green) precedes CAF-1-dependent incorporation of new H3.1 (purple). Early bookmarking of chromatin by the H3.3 chaperone HIRA is required for restoring transcriptional activity (red) after completion of DNA repair. While new histone deposition in UVC damaged chromatin is firmly established, the dynamics of old histones and their contribution to repaired chromatin are still to be determined. Adapted from [81] with permission.

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Chromatin dynamics after DNA damage: The legacy of the access-repair-restore model - PubMed (original) (raw)