Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke - PubMed (original) (raw)
Review
Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke
Marian C Brady et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016.
Abstract
Background: Aphasia is an acquired language impairment following brain damage that affects some or all language modalities: expression and understanding of speech, reading, and writing. Approximately one third of people who have a stroke experience aphasia.
Objectives: To assess the effects of speech and language therapy (SLT) for aphasia following stroke.
Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched 9 September 2015), CENTRAL (2015, Issue 5) and other Cochrane Library Databases (CDSR, DARE, HTA, to 22 September 2015), MEDLINE (1946 to September 2015), EMBASE (1980 to September 2015), CINAHL (1982 to September 2015), AMED (1985 to September 2015), LLBA (1973 to September 2015), and SpeechBITE (2008 to September 2015). We also searched major trials registers for ongoing trials including ClinicalTrials.gov (to 21 September 2015), the Stroke Trials Registry (to 21 September 2015), Current Controlled Trials (to 22 September 2015), and WHO ICTRP (to 22 September 2015). In an effort to identify further published, unpublished, and ongoing trials we also handsearched the International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders (1969 to 2005) and reference lists of relevant articles, and we contacted academic institutions and other researchers. There were no language restrictions.
Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SLT (a formal intervention that aims to improve language and communication abilities, activity and participation) versus no SLT; social support or stimulation (an intervention that provides social support and communication stimulation but does not include targeted therapeutic interventions); or another SLT intervention (differing in duration, intensity, frequency, intervention methodology or theoretical approach).
Data collection and analysis: We independently extracted the data and assessed the quality of included trials. We sought missing data from investigators.
Main results: We included 57 RCTs (74 randomised comparisons) involving 3002 participants in this review (some appearing in more than one comparison). Twenty-seven randomised comparisons (1620 participants) assessed SLT versus no SLT; SLT resulted in clinically and statistically significant benefits to patients' functional communication (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06 to 0.49, P = 0.01), reading, writing, and expressive language, but (based on smaller numbers) benefits were not evident at follow-up. Nine randomised comparisons (447 participants) assessed SLT with social support and stimulation; meta-analyses found no evidence of a difference in functional communication, but more participants withdrew from social support interventions than SLT. Thirty-eight randomised comparisons (1242 participants) assessed two approaches to SLT. Functional communication was significantly better in people with aphasia that received therapy at a high intensity, high dose, or over a long duration compared to those that received therapy at a lower intensity, lower dose, or over a shorter period of time. The benefits of a high intensity or a high dose of SLT were confounded by a significantly higher dropout rate in these intervention groups. Generally, trials randomised small numbers of participants across a range of characteristics (age, time since stroke, and severity profiles), interventions, and outcomes.
Authors' conclusions: Our review provides evidence of the effectiveness of SLT for people with aphasia following stroke in terms of improved functional communication, reading, writing, and expressive language compared with no therapy. There is some indication that therapy at high intensity, high dose or over a longer period may be beneficial. HIgh-intensity and high dose interventions may not be acceptable to all.
Conflict of interest statement
Marian Brady is a speech and language therapist, member of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, and is registered with the Health and Care Professions Council, UK.
Helen Kelly is a speech and language therapist and member of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists.
Pam Enderby has been involved in two studies included in this review. She did not contribute to the assessment or interpretation of either of these studies.
Jon Godwin: none known.
Pauline Campbell: none known.
Figures
1
Study flow diagram.
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item for each included study.
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 SLT versus no SLT, outcome: 1.3 Receptive language: reading comprehension.
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 SLT versus no SLT, outcome: 1.7 Expressive language: written.
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 SLT versus no SLT, outcome: 1.11 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score (+ PICA).
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 3 Receptive language: reading comprehension.
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 4 Receptive language: other.
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 5 Expressive language: naming.
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 6 Expressive language: general.
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 7 Expressive language: written.
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 8 Expressive language: written copying.
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 9 Expressive language: repetition.
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 10 Expressive language: fluency.
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 11 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score (+ PICA).
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 12 Mood: MAACL.
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 13 Economic outcomes.
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 14 Number of dropouts (any reason).
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 SLT versus no SLT, Outcome 15 Adherence to allocated intervention.
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 SLT versus no SLT (follow‐up data), Outcome 1 Functional communication.
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 SLT versus no SLT (follow‐up data), Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 SLT versus no SLT (follow‐up data), Outcome 3 Receptive language: reading comprehension.
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 SLT versus no SLT (follow‐up data), Outcome 4 Expressive language: naming.
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 SLT versus no SLT (follow‐up data), Outcome 5 Expressive language: written.
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 SLT versus no SLT (follow‐up data), Outcome 6 Expressive language: repetition.
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 SLT versus no SLT (follow‐up data), Outcome 7 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 SLT versus no SLT (follow‐up data), Outcome 8 Economic outcomes.
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 SLT versus no SLT (follow‐up data), Outcome 9 Number of dropouts (any reason).
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 3 Receptive language: other.
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 4 Expressive language:naming.
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 5 Expressive language: sentences.
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 6 Expressive language: picture description.
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 7 Expressive language: overall spoken.
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 8 Expressive language: written.
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 9 Expressive language: fluency.
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 10 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 11 Psychosocial impact.
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 12 Number of dropouts for any reason.
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 13 Adherence to allocated intervention.
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3 SLT versus social support and stimulation, Outcome 14 Economic outcomes.
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 3 Receptive language: reading comprehension.
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 4 Expressive language: naming.
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 5 Expressive language: written.
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 6 Expressive language: repetition.
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 7 Expressive language: fluency.
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 8 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 9 Mood.
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 10 Number of dropouts for any reason.
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT, Outcome 11 Adherence to allocated intervention.
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 SLT versus social support and stimulation (follow‐up), Outcome 1 Functional communication.
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 SLT versus social support and stimulation (follow‐up), Outcome 2 Expressive language: single words (6 week follow‐up).
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 1 Functional communication.
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 2 Receptive language.
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 3 Expressive language.
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 4 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 5 Mood.
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 High‐ versus low‐intensity SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 6 Number of dropouts for any reason.
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 High versus low dose SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 High versus low dose SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension (change from baseline).
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 High versus low dose SLT, Outcome 3 Expressive language: spoken (change from baseline).
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 High versus low dose SLT, Outcome 4 Expressive language: written (change from baseline).
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 High versus low dose SLT, Outcome 5 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7 High versus low dose SLT, Outcome 6 Number of dropouts for any reason.
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7 High versus low dose SLT, Outcome 7 Adherence to allocated intervention.
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 High versus low dose SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 1 Functional communication.
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 High versus low dose SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 2 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 High versus low dose SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 3 Number of dropouts for any reason.
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Early versus delayed SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Early versus delayed SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Early versus delayed SLT, Outcome 3 Expressive language: naming.
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Early versus delayed SLT, Outcome 4 Expressive language: written.
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Early versus delayed SLT, Outcome 5 Expressive language: repetition.
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Early versus delayed SLT, Outcome 6 Expressive language: fluency.
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 Early versus delayed SLT, Outcome 7 Severity of impairment.
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 Early versus delayed SLT, Outcome 8 Number of dropouts for any reason.
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Early versus delayed SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 1 Expressive language: naming.
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Early versus delayed SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 2 Expressive language: repetition.
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Early versus delayed SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 3 Number of dropouts for any reason.
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 2 Functional communication (follow‐up).
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 3 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 4 Receptive language: comprehension (50 week follow‐up).
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 5 Receptive language: comprehension (62 week follow‐up).
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 6 Receptive language: reading comprehension.
11.7. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 7 Expressive language: naming.
11.8. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 8 Expressive language: written.
11.9. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 9 Expressive language: repetition.
11.10. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 10 Expressive language: fluency.
11.11. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 11 Expressive language: 50 and 62 weeks follow‐up.
11.12. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 12 Depression.
11.13. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 13 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
11.14. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 14 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score (follow‐up).
11.15. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 15 Number of dropouts for any reason.
11.16. Analysis
Comparison 11 SLT of short versus long duration, Outcome 16 Adherence to allocated intervention.
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 3 Receptive language: other.
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 4 Expressive language: naming.
12.5. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 5 Expressive language: general.
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 6 Expressive language: repetition.
12.7. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 7 Expressive language: written.
12.8. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 8 Quality of life.
12.9. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 9 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
12.10. Analysis
Comparison 12 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT, Outcome 10 Number of dropouts for any reason.
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 1 Functional communication.
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 2 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 3 Quality of life.
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13 Group versus one‐to‐one SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 4 Number of dropouts for any reason.
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 3 Receptive language: reading comprehension.
14.4. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 4 Receptive language: other.
14.5. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 5 Expressive language: spoken.
14.6. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 6 Expressive language: repetition.
14.7. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 7 Expressive language: written.
14.8. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 8 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
14.9. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 9 Number of dropouts for any reason.
14.10. Analysis
Comparison 14 Volunteer‐facilitated versus professional SLT, Outcome 10 Adherence to allocated intervention.
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Computer‐mediated versus professional SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 Computer‐mediated versus professional SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language.
15.3. Analysis
Comparison 15 Computer‐mediated versus professional SLT, Outcome 3 Expressive language.
15.4. Analysis
Comparison 15 Computer‐mediated versus professional SLT, Outcome 4 Expressive language: written.
15.5. Analysis
Comparison 15 Computer‐mediated versus professional SLT, Outcome 5 Severity of impairment.
15.6. Analysis
Comparison 15 Computer‐mediated versus professional SLT, Outcome 6 Number of dropouts for any reason.
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Computer‐mediated versus professional SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 1 Functional communication (6 weeks).
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 Computer‐mediated versus professional SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 2 Expressive language: naming (6 weeks).
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Semantic SLT versus other SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17 Semantic SLT versus other SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17 Semantic SLT versus other SLT, Outcome 3 Receptive language: other.
17.4. Analysis
Comparison 17 Semantic SLT versus other SLT, Outcome 4 Expressive language: naming.
17.5. Analysis
Comparison 17 Semantic SLT versus other SLT, Outcome 5 Expressive language: written.
17.6. Analysis
Comparison 17 Semantic SLT versus other SLT, Outcome 6 Expressive language: repetition.
17.7. Analysis
Comparison 17 Semantic SLT versus other SLT, Outcome 7 Expressive language: fluency.
17.8. Analysis
Comparison 17 Semantic SLT versus other SLT, Outcome 8 Number of dropouts for any reason.
17.9. Analysis
Comparison 17 Semantic SLT versus other SLT, Outcome 9 Adherence to allocated intervention.
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 3 Receptive language: other.
18.4. Analysis
Comparison 18 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 4 Expressive language: naming.
18.5. Analysis
Comparison 18 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 5 Expressive language: repetition.
18.6. Analysis
Comparison 18 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 6 Expressive language: written.
18.7. Analysis
Comparison 18 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 7 Quality of life.
18.8. Analysis
Comparison 18 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 8 Severity of impairment.
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 1 Functional communication.
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 2 Quality of life.
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19 Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus other SLT (follow‐up), Outcome 3 Severity of impairment.
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 SLT with gestural adjunct versus SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20 SLT with gestural adjunct versus SLT, Outcome 2 Expressive language.
20.3. Analysis
Comparison 20 SLT with gestural adjunct versus SLT, Outcome 3 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
20.4. Analysis
Comparison 20 SLT with gestural adjunct versus SLT, Outcome 4 Functional communication (follow‐up).
20.5. Analysis
Comparison 20 SLT with gestural adjunct versus SLT, Outcome 5 Expressive language: (follow‐up).
20.6. Analysis
Comparison 20 SLT with gestural adjunct versus SLT, Outcome 6 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score (follow‐up).
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 Melodic intonation therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21 Melodic intonation therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 2 Expressive language: naming.
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21 Melodic intonation therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 3 Expressive language: repetition.
21.4. Analysis
Comparison 21 Melodic intonation therapy versus other SLT, Outcome 4 Number of dropouts for any reason.
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 Functional SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23 Operant training SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 1 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23 Operant training SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: other.
23.3. Analysis
Comparison 23 Operant training SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 3 Expressive language: spoken.
23.4. Analysis
Comparison 23 Operant training SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 4 Expressive language: written.
23.5. Analysis
Comparison 23 Operant training SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 5 Severity of impairment.
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24 Verb comprehension SLT versus preposition comprehension SLT, Outcome 1 Receptive language: auditory comprehension.
24.2. Analysis
Comparison 24 Verb comprehension SLT versus preposition comprehension SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: reading.
24.3. Analysis
Comparison 24 Verb comprehension SLT versus preposition comprehension SLT, Outcome 3 Expressive language.
24.4. Analysis
Comparison 24 Verb comprehension SLT versus preposition comprehension SLT, Outcome 4 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score.
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25 Discourse therapy versus conventional therapy, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
25.2. Analysis
Comparison 25 Discourse therapy versus conventional therapy, Outcome 2 Receptive language: word comprehension.
25.3. Analysis
Comparison 25 Discourse therapy versus conventional therapy, Outcome 3 Expressive language: naming.
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26 'Task Specific' production versus conventional therapy, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
26.2. Analysis
Comparison 26 'Task Specific' production versus conventional therapy, Outcome 2 Expressive language: spoken sentence.
26.3. Analysis
Comparison 26 'Task Specific' production versus conventional therapy, Outcome 3 Expressive language: naming.
26.4. Analysis
Comparison 26 'Task Specific' production versus conventional therapy, Outcome 4 Expressive language: naming (follow‐up).
26.5. Analysis
Comparison 26 'Task Specific' production versus conventional therapy, Outcome 5 Expressive language: spoken sentence.
26.6. Analysis
Comparison 26 'Task Specific' production versus conventional therapy, Outcome 6 Expressive language: treated items.
27.1. Analysis
Comparison 27 Language oriented therapy (LOT) versus conventional SLT, Outcome 1 Number of dropouts for any reason.
27.2. Analysis
Comparison 27 Language oriented therapy (LOT) versus conventional SLT, Outcome 2 Adherence to allocated intervention.
28.1. Analysis
Comparison 28 Auditory comprehension SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 1 Functional communication.
28.2. Analysis
Comparison 28 Auditory comprehension SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: word comprehension.
28.3. Analysis
Comparison 28 Auditory comprehension SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 3 Receptive language: other auditory comprehension.
28.4. Analysis
Comparison 28 Auditory comprehension SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 4 Receptive language: auditory comprehension (treated items).
28.5. Analysis
Comparison 28 Auditory comprehension SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 5 Receptive language: reading comprehension.
28.6. Analysis
Comparison 28 Auditory comprehension SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 6 Expressive language: naming.
28.7. Analysis
Comparison 28 Auditory comprehension SLT versus conventional SLT, Outcome 7 Expressive language: spoken sentence.
29.1. Analysis
Comparison 29 FIlmed programme instruction versus conventional SLT, Outcome 1 Expressive language: naming.
29.2. Analysis
Comparison 29 FIlmed programme instruction versus conventional SLT, Outcome 2 Receptive language: reading comprehension.
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References
References to studies included in this review
ACTNoW 2011 {published and unpublished data}
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B.A.Bar 2011i {published and unpublished data}
- Nobis‐Bosch R, Springer L, Radermacher I, Huber W. Supervised home training in aphasia: language learning in dialogues. Forum Logopadie 2010;24(5):6‐13.
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B.A.Bar 2011ii {published and unpublished data}
- Nobis‐Bosch R, Springer L, Radermacher I, Huber W. Supervised home training in aphasia: language learning in dialogues. Forum Logopadie 2010;24(5):6‐13.
- Nobis‐Bosch R, Springer L, Radermacher I, Huber W. Supervised home training of dialogue skills in chronic aphasia: a randomized parallel group study. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 2011;54(4):1118‐36. - PubMed
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- Bakheit M, Shaw S, Barrett L, Wood J, Carrington S, Griffiths S, et al. A prospective, randomized, parallel group, controlled study of the effect of intensity of speech and language therapy on early recovery from poststroke aphasia. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(10):885‐94. - PubMed
CACTUS 2013 {published and unpublished data}
- Latimer NR, Dixon S, Palmer R. Cost‐utility of self‐managed computer therapy for people with aphasia. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2013;29(4):402‐9. - PubMed
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Conklyn 2012 {published data only}
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Denes 1996 {published and unpublished data}
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Di Carlo 1980 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Hinckley 2001 {published and unpublished data}
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Katz 1997i {published and unpublished data}
- Katz RC, Wertz RT. Computerized hierarchical reading treatment in aphasia. Aphasiology 1992;6(2):165‐77.
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Katz 1997ii {published and unpublished data}
- Katz RC, Wertz RT. Computerized hierarchical reading treatment in aphasia. Aphasiology 1992;6(2):165‐77.
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Laska 2011 {published and unpublished data}
- Laska AC, Kahan T, Hellblom A, Murray V, Arbin M. Design and methods of a randomised controlled trial on early speech and language therapy in patients with acute stroke and aphasia. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2008;15(3):256‐61. - PubMed
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- Ferro JM, Leal G, Farrajota L, Fonseca J, Guerreiro M, Castro‐Caldas A. Speech therapy or home training for stroke aphasics?. Journal of Neurology 1992;239(Suppl 3):20.
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Lincoln 1982i {published and unpublished data}
- Lincoln NB. An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Language Retraining Methods with Aphasic Stroke Patients. [PhD thesis]. London, UK: University of London, 1980.
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Lincoln 1982ii {published and unpublished data}
- Lincoln NB. An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Language Retraining Methods with Aphasic Stroke Patients. [PhD thesis]. 1980.
- Lincoln NB, Pickersgill MJ, Hankey AI, Hilton CR. An evaluation of operant training and speech therapy in the language rehabilitation of moderate aphasics. Behavioural Psychotherapy 1982;10(2):162‐78.
Lincoln 1982iii {published and unpublished data}
- Lincoln NB. An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Language Retraining Methods with Aphasic Stroke Patients. [PhD thesis]. 1980.
- Lincoln NB, Pickersgill MJ, Hankey AI, Hilton CR. An evaluation of operant training and speech therapy in the language rehabilitation of moderate aphasics. Behavioural Psychotherapy 1982;10(2):162‐78.
Lincoln 1984a {published and unpublished data}
- Berman A, Rowntree P, Smith L, Chambers C, Russell R, Chipperfield E, et al. Speech therapy for the stroke patient. The Lancet 1984;2(8394):104. - PubMed
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Lincoln 1984b {published and unpublished data}
- Lincoln NB. An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Language Retraining Methods with Aphasic Stroke Patients. [PhD thesis] 1980.
- Lincoln NB, Pickersgill MJ. The effectiveness of programmed instruction with operant training in the language rehabilitation of severely aphasic patients. Behavioural Psychotherapy 1984;12(3):237‐48.
Liu 2006a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Liu Y, Zhang L. The TCM‐combined treatment for aphasia due to cerebrovascular disorders. Zhongyi Zazhi [Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine] 2006;26(1):19‐21. Chinese. - PubMed
Lyon 1997 {published and unpublished data}
- Lyon JG, Cariski D, Keisler L, Rosenbek J, Levine R, Kumpula J, et al. Communication partners: enhancing participation in life and communication for adults with aphasia in natural settings. Aphasiology 1997;11(7):693‐708.
MacKay 1988 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Mackay S, Holmes DW, Gersumky AT. Methods to assess aphasic stroke patients. Geriatric Nursing 1988;9(3):177‐9. - PubMed
Mattioli 2014 {published and unpublished data}
- Ambrosi C, Mattioli F, Mascaro L, Biagi L, Tosetti M, Gasparotti R. Functional MR imaging of patients with mild aphasia after stroke: Activation of language network from acute to chronic phase and preliminary results of early rehabilitation effect. Neuroradiology Journal 2010;23:340.
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Meikle 1979 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
Meinzer 2007 {published and unpublished data}
- Meinzer M, Streiftau S, Rockstroh B. Intensive language training in the rehabilitation of chronic aphasia ‐ effective training by laypersons. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2007;13(5):846‐53. - PubMed
MIT 2014i {published and unpublished data}
- Meulen AC, Sandt‐Koenderman WME, Visch‐Brink EG, Smits M, Duivenvoorden HJ, Ribbers GM. The efficacy of melodic intonation therapy (MIT) in aphasia rehabilitation: Research Protocol Version 2. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1961 (accessed 22 September 2015).
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MIT 2014ii {published and unpublished data}
- Meulen AC, Sandt‐Koenderman WME, Visch‐Brink EG, Smits M, Duivenvoorden HJ, Ribbers GM. The efficacy of melodic intonation therapy (MIT) in aphasia rehabilitation: Research Protocol Version 2. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1961 (accessed 22 September 2015).
- Meulen I, Sandt‐Koenderman ME, Heijenbrok‐Kal MH, Visch‐Brink EG, Ribbers GM. The efficacy and timing of melodic intonation therapy in subacute aphasia. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2014;28(6):536‐44. - PubMed
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NARNIA 2013 {published data only}
- ACTRN12613001263785. For people with aphasia following stroke, is a manualised narrative intervention programme aimed at improving discourse in everyday communication situations more effective than usual speech pathology intervention as measured by improved language ability across the different levels of language (i.e. words, sentences, discourse) in everyday communication activities?. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12613001263785.aspx (accessed 22 September 2015). [ACTRN12613001263785]
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ORLA 2006 {published and unpublished data}
- Cherney LR, Babbitt EM, Cole R, Vuuren S, Hurwitz R, Ngampatipatpong M. Computer treatment for aphasia: efficacy and treatment intensity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006;87:E5 (Abst.18).
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ORLA 2010 {published and unpublished data}
- Cherney LR. Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia (ORLA): evaluating the efficacy of computer‐delivered therapy in chronic nonfluent aphasia. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2010;17(6):423‐31. - PubMed
Prins 1989 {published and unpublished data}
- Prins RS. Aphasia: classification, treatment and recovery [Afasie: classificatie, behandeling en herstelverloop]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam 1987.
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Pulvermuller 2001 {published and unpublished data}
- Pulvermuller F, Neininger B, Elbert T, Mohr B, Rockstroh B, Koebbel P. Constraint‐induced therapy of chronic aphasia after stroke. Stroke 2001;32(7):1621‐6. - PubMed
RATS {published and unpublished data}
- Doesborgh SJC, Sandt‐Koenderman MWE, Dippel DWJ, Koudstaal PJ, Visch‐Brink EG. Effects of semantic treatment on verbal communication and linguistic processing in aphasia after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2004;35(1):141‐6. - PubMed
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RATS‐2 {published and unpublished data}
- Jong‐Hagelstein M. Word Finding Deficits in Aphasia: Diagnosis and Treatment [PhD thesis]. Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit, 2011.
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Rochon 2005 {published and unpublished data}
- Rochon E, Laird L, Bose A, Scofield J. Mapping therapy for sentence production impairments in nonfluent aphasia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2005;15(1):1‐36. - PubMed
SEMaFORE {published and unpublished data}
- Morris J. SemaFoRe: Semantic feature & Repetition therapy in aphasia: a pilot RCT. www.ukctg.nihr.ac.uk/trials?query=%257B%2522query%2522%253A%2522semafore... (accessed 22 September 2015).
Shewan 1984i {published and unpublished data}
- Shewan CM, Bandur DL. Treatment of Aphasia: A Language‐oriented Approach. San Diego: College‐Hill Press, 1986.
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- Shewan CM, Bandur DL. Treatment of Aphasia: A Language‐oriented Approach. San Diego: College‐Hill Press, 1986.
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- Shewan CM, Bandur DL. Treatment of Aphasia: A Language‐oriented Approach. San Diego: College‐Hill Press, 1986.
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Sickert 2014 {published data only}
- NCT01625676. Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy following sub‐acute stroke: a modified therapy schedule. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01625676 (accessed 22 September 2015). [NCT01625676]
- Sickert A, Anders LC, Munte TF, Sailer M. Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy following sub‐acute stroke: a single‐blind, randomised clinical trial of a modified therapy schedule. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery Psychiatry 2014;85(1):51‐5. - PubMed
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- Duffy FR. Speech therapy after stroke: a randomised controlled trial ‐ an interim report. Demonstration Centres in Rehabilitation Newsletter, Volume 28, 1982.
Smith 1981ii {published and unpublished data}
- Duffy FR. Speech therapy after stroke: a randomised controlled trial ‐ an interim report. Demonstration Centres in Rehabilitation Newsletter, Volume 28, 1982.
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- Duffy FR. Speech therapy after stroke: a randomised controlled trial ‐ an interim report. Demonstration Centres in Rehabilitation Newsletter, Volume 28, 1982.
SP‐I‐RiT {published and unpublished data}
- Lauterbach M, Leal G, Aguiar M, Fonseca I, Farrajota L, Fonseca J, et al. Intensive vs conventional speech therapy in aphasia due to ischaemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Proceedings of the British Aphasiology Society Biennial International Conference Sept 10‐12 2007; Edinburgh, UK. UK: British Aphasiology Society, 2007:67‐8.
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- Szaflarski J, Allendorfer J, Ball A, Banks C, Dietz A, Hart K, et al. Randomized controlled trial of constraint‐induced aphasia therapy in patients with chronic stroke. Neurology 2014;82(10 Suppl):S21.001.
Van Steenbrugge 1981 {published and unpublished data}
- Steenbrugge WJ, Prins RS. Word finding difficulties and efficacy of systematic language therapy in aphasic patients. Logopedie en Foniatrie 1981;53:622‐37.
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- Varley R, Cowell PE, Dyson L, Inglis L, Roper A, Whiteside SP. Self‐administered computer therapy for apraxia of speech: two‐period randomized control trial with crossover. Stroke 2016;47(3):822‐8. - PubMed
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- Godecke E, Ciccone N, Granger A, Hankey G, West D, Cream A, et al. Aphasia therapy in early stroke recovery. International Journal of Stroke 2011;6(Issue supplement 1):12.
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VERSE II {unpublished data only}
- Ciccone NA, West DK, Cream A, Cartwright J, Rai T, Granger AS, et al. Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy (CIAT): a randomised controlled trial in very early stroke rehabilitation. Aphasiology 2016;30(5):566‐584.
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Wertz 1981 {published and unpublished data}
- Avent JR, Wertz RT. Influence of type of aphasia and type of treatment on aphasic patients' pragmatic performance. Aphasiology 1996;10(3):253‐65.
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Wertz 1986ii {published and unpublished data}
- Kurtzke JF, Wertz RT, Weiss DG, Garcia‐Bunuel L, Aten JL, Brookshire RH, et al. Comparison of improvement in neurologic severity and language in treated and untreated aphasic patients. Neurology 1985;35(Suppl 1):122.
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Wertz 1986iii {published and unpublished data}
- Kurtzke JF, Wertz RT, Weiss DG, Garcia‐Bunuel L, Aten JL, Brookshire RH, et al. Comparison of Improvement in neurologic severity and language in treated and untreated aphasic patients. Neurology 1985;35(Suppl 1):122.
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Wilssens 2015 {published data only}
- Wilssens I, Vandenborre D, Dun K, Verhoeven J, Visch‐Brink E, Marien P. Constraint‐induced aphasia therapy versus intensive semantic treatment in fluent aphasia. American Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology 2015;24(2):281‐94. - PubMed
Woolf 2015i {published and unpublished data}
- Woolf C, Caute A, Haigh Z, Galliers J, Wilson S, Kessie A, et al. A comparison of remote therapy, face to face therapy and an attention control intervention for people with aphasia: a quasi‐randomised controlled feasibility study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2016;30(4):359‐73. - PubMed
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- Woolf C, Caute A, Haigh Z, Galliers J, Wilson S, Kessie A, et al. A comparison of remote therapy, face to face therapy and an attention control intervention for people with aphasia: a quasi‐randomised controlled feasibility study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2016;30(4):359‐73. - PubMed
Wu 2004 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Wu X. Analysis of the effect of 'two‐step method' on aphasia in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu [Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation] 2004;8(22):4422‐3. Chinese.
Wu 2013 {published data only}
- Wu H‐X, Qiu W‐H, Kang Z, Yang Q. The Study on Recovery Mechanism of Expressive Aphasia after Stroke Based on fMRI [abstract: 0039]. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2013;28(5):E45.
Xie 2002 {published data only}
- Xie SL, Zhu MG, Zhang XL, Xue ZJ. The role of community nursing in family rehabilitation of stroke patients with impaired spoken language. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu [Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation] 2002;6(21):3289.
Yao 2005i {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Yao J, Xue Y, Li F. Clinical application research on collective language strengthened training in rehabilitation nursing of cerebral apoplexy patients with aphasia. Huli Yanjiu [Chinese Nursing Research] 2005;19(3B):482‐4. Chinese.
Yao 2005ii {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Yao J, Xue Y, Li F. Clinical application research on collective language strengthened training in rehabilitation nursing of cerebral apoplexy patients with aphasia. Huli Yanjiu [Chinese Nursing Research] 2005;19(3B):482‐4. Chinese.
Yao 2005iii {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Yao J, Xue Y, Li F. Clinical application research on collective language strengthened training in rehabilitation nursing of cerebral apoplexy patients with aphasia. Huli Yanjiu [Chinese Nursing Research] 2005;19(3B):482‐4. Chinese.
Zhang 2007i {published data only}
- Zhang H‐M. Clinical treatment of apoplectic aphemia with multi‐needle puncture of scalp‐points in combination with visual‐listening‐speech training. Zhenci Yanjiu [Acupuncture Research] 2007;32(3):190‐4. Chinese. - PubMed
Zhang 2007ii {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Zhang H‐M. Clinical treatment of apoplectic aphemia with multi‐needle puncture of scalp‐points in combination with visual‐listening‐speech training. Zhenci Yanjiu [Acupuncture Research] 2007;32(3):190‐4. Chinese. - PubMed
Zhao 2000 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Zhao H, Ying B, Shen C. Clinical study on the effect of combined therapy of medicine acupuncture and speech training on aphasia from ischemic apoplexy. Henan Zhongyi [Henan Traditional Chinese Medicine] 2000;20(5):31‐2. Chinese.
References to studies excluded from this review
Albert 1973 {published data only}
- Albert ML, Sparks RW, Helm NA. Melodic intonation therapy for aphasia. Archives of Neurology 1973;29(2):130‐1. - PubMed
Avent 2004 {published data only}
- Avent J. Group treatment for aphasia using cooperative learning principles. Topics in Language Disorder 2004;24(2):118‐24.
Basso 1975 {published data only}
- Basso A, Faglioni P, Vignolo LA. Controlled study of language re‐education in aphasia: comparison between treated and untreated aphasics. Revue Neurologique 1975;131(9):607‐14. - PubMed
Beukelman 1980 {published data only}
- Beukelman DR, Yorkston KM, Waugh PF. Communication in severe aphasia: effectiveness of three instruction modalities. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1980;61(6):248‐52. - PubMed
Bloom 1962 {published data only}
- Bloom LM. A rationale for group treatment of aphasic patients. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 1962;27:11‐16. - PubMed
Breitenfeld 2005 {published data only}
- Breitenfeld T, Jergovi K, Vargek Solter V, Demarin V. Music therapy in aphatic stroke patients ‐ a pilot study. European Journal of Neurology 2005;12(Suppl 2):55 (P1060).
Caute 2013 {published data only}
- Caute A, Pring T, Cocks N, Cruice M, Best W, Marshall J. Enhancing communication through gesture and naming therapy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2013;51(6):337‐51. - PubMed
Cherney 2007 {published and unpublished data}
- Cherney LR, Small SL. Intensive language therapy for nonfluent aphasia with and without surgical implantation of an investigational cortical stimulation device: preliminary language and imaging results.. Proceedings of the Clinical Aphasiology Conference 2007. May 22‐26 2007; Scottsdale. Arizona, USA. Pittsburgh, USA: University of Pittsburgh, 2007.
Cherney 2010 {published data only}
- Cherney LR, Erickson RK, Small SL. Epidural cortical stimulation as adjunctive treatment for non‐fluent aphasia: preliminary findings. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2010;81(9):1014‐21. - PubMed
- NCT00170703. Assessment of cortical stimulation combined with rehabilitation to enhance recovery in Broca's aphasia. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00170703 (accessed 26 November 2014).
Cherney 2011 {published data only}
- Cherney LR, Halper AS, Kaye RC. Computer‐based script training for aphasia: emerging themes from post‐treatment interviews. Journal of Communication Disorders 2011;44(4):493‐501. - PubMed
Cherney 2014 {published data only}
- NCT01597037. Aphasia rehabilitation: modulating cues, feedback and practice. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01597037 (accessed 22 September 2015).
Cohen 1992 {published data only}
- Cohen NS. The effect of singing instruction on the speech production of neurologically impaired persons. Journal of Music Therapy 1992;XXIX(2):87‐102.
Cohen 1993 {published data only}
- Cohen NS, Masse R. The application of singing and rhythmic instruction as a therapeutic intervention for persons with neurogenic communication disorders. Journal of Music Therapy 1993;XXX(2):81‐99.
Cupit 2010 {published data only}
- Cupit J, Rochon E, Leonard C, Laird L. Social validation as a measure of improvement after aphasia treatment: Its usefulness and influencing factors. Aphasiology 2010;24(11):1486‐500.
Ding 1995 {published data only}
- Ding H, Lin L, Wu G, Liu Y, Xiao H. Computer‐aided speech therapy system. Zhongguo Shengwu Gongcheng Xuebao [Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering] 1995;14(1):39‐44. Chinese.
Dubner 1972 {published data only}
- Dubner H. The role of the speech pathologist in the early treatment of the aphasic patient. Rehabilitation Literature 1972;33(11):330‐1 passim. - PubMed
Gu 2002 {published data only}
- Gu Y, Li SL. The effect of 3‐month rehabilitation therapy for the speech function of aphasiacs. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu [Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation] 2002;6(7):956‐7. Chinese.
Gu 2003 {published data only}
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Hagen 1973 {published data only}
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Harnish 2014 {published data only}
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Hartman 1987 {published data only}
- Albert ML, Helm‐Estabrooks N. Aphasia therapy works. Archives of Neurology 1988;42:372‐3. - PubMed
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Hinckley 2005 {published and unpublished data}
- Hinckley J, Carr T. Comparing the outcomes of intensive and non‐intensive context‐based aphasia treatment. Aphasiology 2005;19(10):965‐74.
Holmqvist 1998 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Thorsén A‐M, Widén Holmqvist L, Pedro‐Cuesta J, Koch L. A randomised controlled trial of early supported discharge and continued rehabilitation at home after stroke. Stroke 2005;36(2):297‐302. - PubMed
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IHCOP 2014 {unpublished data only}
- Woolf C. The effects of phoneme discrimination and semantic therapies for speech perception deficits in aphasia. National Research Register.
- Woolf C, Panton A, Rosen S, Best W, Marshall J. Therapy for auditory processing impairment in aphasia: An evaluation of two approaches. Aphasiology 2014;28(12):1481‐505.
Ji 2011 {published data only}
- Ji X, Li HB. Simple motor aphasia caused by cerebral infarction treated with blood‐pricking at Yamen (GV 15) combined with language training. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu [Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion] 2011;31(11):979‐82. Chinese. - PubMed
Jungblut 2004 {published and unpublished data}
- Jungblut M, Aldridge D. Effects of a specific music therapy approach in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic nonfluent aphasia. Neurologie und Rehabilitation 2004;10(2):69‐78.
Kagan 2001 {published and unpublished data}
- Kagan A, Black SE, Duchan JF, Simmons‐Mackie N, Square P. Training volunteers as conversation partners using 'supported conversation for adults with aphasia' (SCA): a controlled trial. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 2001;44(3):624‐38. - PubMed
Kalra 1993 {published data only}
- Kalra L, Dale P, Crome P. Improving stroke rehabilitation: a controlled study. Stroke 1993;24(10):1462‐7. - PubMed
Kendall 2015 {published data only}
- Kendall DL, Oelke M, Brookshire CE, Nadeau SE. The influence of phonomotor treatment on word retrieval abilities in 26 individuals with chronic aphasia: an open trial. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 2015;58(3):798‐812. - PubMed
Kinsey 1986 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Kinsey C. Microcomputer speech therapy for dysphasic adults: a comparison with two conventionally administered tasks. British Journal of Disorders of Communication 1986;21(1):125‐33. - PubMed
Kurt 2008 {published and unpublished data}
- Kurt T, Kizilisik O, Satici SB, Akhan G. The efficacy of the short‐term language therapy in aphasic patients without comprehension deficit during the subacute stage of stroke. European Journal of Neurology 2008;15(Suppl 3):374 (P2694).
Lara 2009 {published data only}
- Lara JP, Barbancho MA, Berthier ML, Green C, Navas P, wid‐Milner MS, et al. ERPs correlates of recovery from chronic post‐stroke aphasia in patients treated with memantine and constraint‐induced aphasia therapy. European Journal of Neurology 2009;16(S3):457.
Lara 2011 {published data only}
- Lara JP, Barbancho MA, Berthier ML, Green C, Navas P, Wid‐Milner MS, et al. ERP evidence of therapy‐related reorganization of language of patients with post stroke chronic aphasia. Clinical Neurophysiology 2011;122:S172.
Li 2005 {published data only}
- Li QW, Chen ZM, Huang SS, Li LJ, Tang GH, Luo DM, et al. Outcome evaluation of language disorder diagnosis apparatus ZM2.1 in treatment of Broca's aphasia. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu [Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation] 2005;9(25):14‐6. Chinese.
Lincoln 1986 {published data only}
- Lincoln, NB, McGuirk E. Prediction of language recovery in aphasic stroke patients using the Porch Index of Communicative Ability. British Journal of Disorders of Communication 1986;21(1):83‐8. - PubMed
Liu 2006b {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Liu X, Dai R, Cheng L. Correlation between the design of aphasia rehabilitative program and the diseased sites of cerebrum. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu [Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation] 2006;10(14):7‐9. Chinese.
Loeher 2007 {published data only}
- Loeher KE. Spaced Versus Massed Practice in Aphasia Therapy [PhD Thesis]. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2007.
Luo 2008 {published data only}
- Luo W, Tan J, Huang H. Clinical observation on treatment of cerebral infarction‐induced Broca aphasia by tiaoshen fuyin acupuncture therapy combined with language training. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu [Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion] 2008;28(3):171‐5. - PubMed
Maher 2008 {unpublished data only}
- NCT00223847. An investigation of constraint induced language therapy for aphasia. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00223847 (accessed 26 November 2014).
- Wu S. An investigation of constraint induced language therapy for treatment of aphasia. www.rorc.research.va.gov/Project_Template.cfm?Project_ID=2141693285 (accessed 25 March 2012).
Marcotte 2013 {published data only}
- Marcotte K, Perlbarg V, Marrelec G, Benali H, Ansaldo AI. Default‐mode network functional connectivity in aphasia: therapy‐induced neuroplasticity. Brain and Language 2013;124(1):45‐55. - PubMed
Marshall 2001 {published data only}
- Marshall RC, Freed DB, Karow CM. Learning of subordinate category names by aphasic subjects: a comparison of deep and surface‐level training methods. Aphasiology 2001;15(6):585‐98.
Mattioli 2010 {published data only}
- Mattioli F, Magoni M, Ambrosi C, Gasparotti R. fMRI correlates of early aphasia rehabilitation after stroke: preliminary results. Journal of Neurology 2010;257:S19.
McCall 2007 {published data only}
- McCall D, Linebarger MC, Berndt RS. Predicting effects of computer‐based intervention on structure and content of aphasic patients' spoken language. Brain and Language 2007;103(1‐2):207‐8.
Meinzer 2005 {published and unpublished data}
- Meinzer M, Djundja D, Barthel G, Elbert T, Rockstroh B. Long‐term stability of improved language functions in chronic aphasia after constraint‐induced aphasia therapy. Stroke 2005;36(7):1462‐6. - PubMed
Pistarini 1989 {published data only}
- Pistarini C, Guarnaschelli C, Bazzini A, Zonca G. Evaluation of efficacy of a logopedic rehabilitation method. Riabilitazione 1989;22(1):47‐55.
Popovici 1992 {published data only}
- Popovici M, Mihailescu L. Melodic intonation in the rehabilitation of Romanian aphasics with bucco‐lingual apraxia. Romanian Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 1992;30(2):99‐113. - PubMed
Qiu 2003 {published data only}
- Qiu HY, Gao C, Liu YC. Treatment of basal segmental aphasia by acupuncture and programmed musical electro‐acupuncture apparatus. New Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2003;35(12):48‐9. Chinese.
Quinteros 1984 {published data only}
- Quinteros B, Williams DRR, White CAM, Pickering M. The costs of using trained and supervised volunteers as part of a speech therapy service for dysphasic patients. British Journal of Disorders of Communication 1984;19:205‐12. - PubMed
Rasmussen 2013 {published data only}
- Rasmussen RS, Overgaard K, Ostergaard A, Kjaer P, Skerris A, Skou C, et al. Post‐stroke rehabilitation at home reduced disability and improved quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2013;35(January):94‐5.
Raymer 2008 {unpublished data only}
- NCT00764400. Treatment for word retrieval impairments in aphasia. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00764400 (accessed 26 November 2014).
Reinvang 1976 {published data only}
- Reinvang IR, Hjeltnes N, Guvaag SP. Aphasia treatment in stroke patients. Results achieved in 18 patients 3‐6 months after accident. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1976;96(27):1421‐3. - PubMed
Rudd 1997 {published data only}
Stoicheff 1960 {published data only}
- Stoicheff M. Motivating instructions and language performance of dysphasic subjects. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1960;3(1):75‐85. - PubMed
Thompson 2010 {published data only}
Tseng 2014 {published data only}
- Tseng CE, Lin CP, Tsai PC, Yip BS, Lin CM, Yang FP. Melodic intonation therapy in stroke patients with aphasia: A DTI study. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2014;38(September):40.
Van Lancker 1997 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Lancker D, Hall E, Goldojarb M. An interactive video system to test and treat nonliteral language disorders. Rehabilitation R&D Progress Reports 1997;34(May):255‐6.
Vauth 2008 {published data only}
- Vauth F, Hampel P, Scibor M, Handschu R, Richter J, Keidel M. Synchronic telepractise: a new (additional) form of aphasia therapy. Forum Logopadie 2008;224(4):12‐9.
Vines 2007 {published data only}
- Vines BW, Norton AC, Schlaug G. Applying transcranial direct current stimulation in combination with melodic intonation therapy facilitates language recovery for Broca's aphasic patients. [Abstract P150]. Stroke 2007;38(2):519.
Wang 2004 {published data only}
- Wang D, Lu Y, Xie R, Yao J. Effect of different intensities of rehabilitation therapy on the prognosis of patients with stroke. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;8(22):4410‐1.
Weiduschat 2011 {published data only}
- Weiduschat N, Thiel A, Rubi‐Fessen I, Hartmann A, Kessler J, Merl P, et al. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in aphasic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Stroke 2011;42(2):409‐15. - PubMed
Wenke 2014 {published data only}
- Wenke R, Lawrie M, Hobson T, Comben W, Romano M, Ward E, et al. Feasibility and cost analysis of implementing high intensity aphasia clinics within a sub‐acute setting. International Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology 2014;16(3):250‐9. - PubMed
West 1973 {published data only}
- West JA. Auditory comprehension in aphasic adults: improvement through training. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1973;54(2):78‐86. - PubMed
Wolfe 2000 {published data only}
- Wolfe CDA, Tilling K, Rudd AG. The effectiveness of community‐based rehabilitation for stroke patients who remain at home: a pilot randomized trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000;14(6):563‐9. - PubMed
Wood‐Dauphinee 1984 {published data only}
- Wood‐Dauphinee S, Shapiro S, Bass E, Fletcher C, Georges P, Hensby V, et al. A randomized trial of team care following stroke. Stroke 1984;15(5):864‐72. - PubMed
Xu 2005 {published data only}
- Xu Y, Li Q, Hao Y. Observation on the efficacy of acupuncture plus rehabilitation composite treatment for apoplectic aphasia. Shanghai Zhenjiu Zazhi [Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion] 2005;24(8):30‐1. Chinese.
Zhang 2004 {published data only}
- Zhang T, Li LL, Bi S, Mei YW, Xie RM, Luo ZM, et al. Effects of three‐stage rehabilitation treatment on acute cerebrovascular diseases: a prospective randomized controlled multicenter study. Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi [Chinese Medical Journal] 2004;84(23):1948‐54. - PubMed
References to studies awaiting assessment
E‐VIC 1990 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- Goodenough‐Tregapnier C. Functional communication using VIC. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 1990;12(3):1313‐4.
- Goodenough‐Trepagnier C. Early intervention with globally aphasic stroke patients using a computerized visual communication technique. [Abstract 461]. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 1990;28(Pt 1):369‐70.
- Goodenough‐Trepagnier C. Evaluation of the functional communicative benefit of VIC for persons with chronic global aphasia. Rehabilitation R&D Progress Reports 1990;28(1):368‐9.
- Goodenough‐Trepagnier C. VIC Performance‐effect of grammatical category. Proceedings of the 12th RESNA Annual Conference: Technology for the Next Decade, June 25‐30, 1989. New Orleans, Louisiana, 1989:143‐4.
Gans 1977 {published data only}
- Gans K, Derk Weidner WE. Melodic intonation therapy and confrontation naming in adult aphasics. Ohio Journal of Speech and Hearing 1977;13(1):30‐40.
Gonzalez 2012 {published data only}
- Gonzalez I, Petit H, Muller F, Daviet JC, Trias J, De, Boissezon X, et al. The workbook of communication C.COM in disclosure alterations of severe vascular aphasia [Le cahier de communication C.COM dans les alterations de la communication de l'aphasie vasculaire severe]. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2012;55(Suppl 1):e213‐6.
Gonzalez‐Rothi 2004 {published data only}
- Gonzalez‐Rothi LJ, Wu S. An investigation of constraint induced language therapy for treatment of aphasia. http://www.vard.org/rorc/currently_funded_research.html (accessed 26 November 2014).
Howard 1985 {published and unpublished data}
- Howard D, Patterson K, Franklin S, Orchard‐Lisle V, Morton J. Treatment of word retrieval deficits in aphasia. A comparison of two therapy methods. Brain 1985;108((Pt 4)):817‐29. - PubMed
HTA 2015 (author not known) {published data only}
- DAHTA DIMDI. Need and evidence in logopedics and computer‐based speech therapy in 50‐year‐old stroke patients in Germany (Project record). Health Technology Assessment Database 2015, issue 3.
Stachowiak 1994 {published and unpublished data}
- Stachowiak FJ. Computer‐based aphasia therapy with the Lingware/STACH System. In: Stachowiak FJ, Bleser R, Deloche G, Kaschel R, Kremin H, North P, et al. editor(s). Developments in the Assessment and Rehabilitation of Brain‐Damaged Patients ‐ Perspectives from a European Concerted Action. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag Tűbingen, 1993:353‐80.
- Stachowiak FJ. Computers in aphasia rehabilitation. In: Christensen A‐L, Uzzell BP editor(s). Brain Injury and Neuropsychological Rehabilitation: International Perspectives. 1st Edition. Hillsdale New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994:133‐160.
- Stachowiak FJ. Micro‐computers in the assessment and rehabilitation of brain‐damaged patients. Technology and Health Care 1993;1(1):19‐43. - PubMed
Zhang 2015 {published data only}
- Zhang Y, Yao Y, Lu X. Therapeutic effect of music therapy and speech language therapy on post‐stroke patients with non‐fluent aphasia. Chinese Medical Association 2015;4:274‐8.
References to ongoing studies
ASK {published data only}
- ACTRN12614000979651. In stroke patients with aphasia and their caregivers does the Aphasia ASK Action Success Knowledge (ASK) program, compared to an attention control package, promote better mood and overall quality of life outcomes. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12614000979651.aspx (accessed 22 September 2015). [ACTRN12614000979651]
Big CACTUS {published data only}
- ISRCTN68798818. Cost effectiveness of aphasia computer treatment versus usual stimulation or attention control long term post stroke. http://isrctn.org/ISRCTN68798818 (accessed 22 September 2015). [ISRCTN68798818]
- Palmer R. Clinical and cost effectiveness of aphasia computer therapy compared with usual stimulation or attention control long term post stroke (CACTUS) (Project record). Health Technology Assessment Database 2014;4:1‐34.
CATChES {published data only}
- NCT01928602. Does inner speech improve access to overt speech in aphasia following stroke? An fMRI study utilising computerised rehabilitation software. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01928602 (accessed 22 September 2015).
COMPARE {published and unpublished data}
- Rose M, Attard M, Mok Z, Lanyon L, Foster A. Multi‐modality aphasia therapy is as efficacious as a constraint‐induced aphasia therapy for chronic aphasia: a phase 1 study. Aphasiology 2013;27(8):938‐71.
- Rose M, Attard MC, Mok Z, Katthagen S. Variability in treatment responsiveness to constraint and multi‐modal aphasia therapy calls for larger well‐powered trials in chronic aphasia. International Journal of Stroke 2014;9(Suppl 1):9.
- Rose M, Mok Z, Katthagen S. The comparative impact of multi‐modality and constraint induced aphasia therapy on discourse in aphasia. The 16th International Aphasia Rehabilitation Conference. 2014:8.
FCET2EC {published and unpublished data}
- Baumgaertner A, Grewe T, Ziegler W, Floel A, Springer L, Martus P, et al. FCET2EC (From controlled experimental trial to = 2 everyday communication): How effective is intensive integrative therapy for stroke‐induced chronic aphasia under routine clinical conditions? A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14(1):308 doi:10.1186/1745‐6215‐14‐308. - PMC - PubMed
- Breitenstein C, Baumgaertner A, Grewe T, Floel A, Ziegler W, Martus P, et al. From controlled experimental trial to=2 everyday communication (FCET2EC): how effective is intensive speech and language therapy in chronic aphasia?. Proceedings of the 16th International Aphasia Rehabilitation Conference 2014. The Hague, The Netherlands, 2014:20.
- NCT01540383. Effectiveness of intensive aphasia therapy under routine clinical conditions (FCET2EC). www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01540383 (accessed 22 September 2015). [NCT01540383]
IMITATE {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
- NCT00713050. Speech and language therapy after stroke. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00713050 (accessed 22 September 2015).
- Schmah T, Strother SC, Zemel RS, Yourganov G, Schiel M, Buchholz B, et al. Complexity of functional connectivity in aphasia treatment. Stroke 2011;42(11):e619.
Kukkonen 2007 {published and unpublished data}
- Kukkonen T, Korpijaakko‐Huuhka AM. How much is enough and when is the right time? What do we know about the good practice and timing of aphasia rehabilitation?. Proceedings of the British Aphasiology Society Biennial International Conference Sept 10‐12 2007; Edinburgh. UK: British Aphasiology Society, 2007:67‐8.
- Kukkonen T, Molnár G, Korpijaakko‐Huuhka A‐M. How much is enough and when is the right time? Developing strategies for assessing aphasia rehabilitation. 27th World Congress of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics; 2007 Aug 5‐9; Copenhagen (Denmark).
Kurland ‐ NCT02012374 {published data only}
- NCT02012374. Overcoming learned non‐use in chronic aphasia: behavioral, fMRI and QoL outcomes. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02012374 (accessed 22 September 2015). [NCT02012374]
LIFT 2014 {published and unpublished data}
- ACTRN12613001182785. Can a new intensive model of aphasia rehabilitation achieve better outcomes than usual care with chronic aphasia resulting from stroke?. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=364926 (accessed 22 September 2015). [ACTRN12613001182785]
- Rodriguez AD, Worrall L, Brown K, Grohn B, McKinnon E, Pearson C, et al. Aphasia LIFT: Exploratory investigation of an intensive comprehensive therapy program. Aphasiology 2013;27(11):1339‐61.
- Wenke R, Lawrie M, Hobson T, Comben W, Romano M, Cardell E, et al. High Intensity Aphasia Clinics: embedding the evidence into Queensland Health Project Completion Report. Brisbane: Queensland Health, 2012.
MIT USA {unpublished data only}
- Schlaug G. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT). Stroke Trials Registry, Internet Stroke Center: www.strokecenter.org/trials/ (accessed 22 September 2015).
- Schlaug G. Singing to speaking: observations in healthy singers and patients with Broca's aphasia. American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting; 2010 Feb 18‐22; San Diego (CA). http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2010/webprogram/Paper1481.html. (accessed 25 March 2012).
- Schlaug G, Norton A. Behavioral and neural correlates of melodic intonation therapy versus speech repetition therapy in patients with non‐fluent aphasia [Abst. CT P37]. Proceedings of the International Stroke Conference 2009; 2009 Feb 18‐20; San Diego (CA). 2009.
Nehra ‐ CTRI/2014/04/004554 {published data only}
- CTRI/2014/04/004554. To study the effectiveness of ‘Comprehensive Neuropsychological Rehabilitation’ as an adjunct to standard pharmacological treatment for improving language and quality of life in patients with post stroke aphasia: a randomized controlled clinical trial. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=8024 (accessed 22 September 2015).
ORLA‐Write {published data only}
- NCT01790880. Enhancing written communication in persons with aphasia: a clinical trial. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01790880 (accessed 22 September 2015).
Osborne 2012 {published data only}
- Osborne A, Nickels L. Constraint in aphasia therapy. Is it important for clinical outcomes?. International Journal of Stroke 2012;7(Suppl 1):53‐4.
PMvSFA {published data only}
- NCT02153710. Speech therapy for aphasia: comparing two treatments (PMvSFA). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02153710 (accessed 22 September 2015).
RATS‐3 {unpublished data only}
- NTR3271. Rotterdam Aphasia Therapy Study‐3: The efficacy of early, intensive cognitive‐linguistic therapy in aphasia after stroke (a randomized controlled trial). ‐ RATS‐3. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=3271 (accessed 26 November 2014).
- Nouwens F. Rotterdam Aphasia Therapy Study‐3: The efficacy of early, intensive cognitive‐linguistic therapy in aphasia after stroke (a randomized controlled trial) (RATS‐3). http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR3271 (accessed 22 September 2015).
TNT ‐ ACTRN12614000081617 {published data only}
- ACTRN12614000081617. Tablets and technology during stroke recovery. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=365227&... (accessed 22 September 2015).
U‐Health {published data only}
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VERSE III {published data only}
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