Beyond the 'east-west' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood - PubMed (original) (raw)

. 2016 Aug;145(8):966-1000.

doi: 10.1037/xge0000175. Epub 2016 Jun 30.

Ellinor Owe 1, Maja Becker 2, Peter B Smith 1, Matthew J Easterbrook 1, Rupert Brown 1, Roberto González 3, Nicolas Didier 3, Diego Carrasco 3, Maria Paz Cadena 3, Siugmin Lay 3, Seth J Schwartz 4, Sabrina E Des Rosiers 5, Juan A Villamar 6, Alin Gavreliuc 7, Martina Zinkeng 8, Robert Kreuzbauer 9, Peter Baguma 10, Mariana Martin 11, Alexander Tatarko 12, Ginette Herman 13, Isabelle de Sauvage 13, Marie Courtois 13, Ragna B Garðarsdóttir 14, Charles Harb 15, Inge Schweiger Gallo 16, Paula Prieto Gil 16, Raquel Lorente Clemares 16, Gabriella Campara 16, George Nizharadze 17, Ma Elizabeth J Macapagal 18, Baland Jalal 19, David Bourguignon 20, Jianxin Zhang 21, Shaobo Lv 22, Aneta Chybicka 23, Masaki Yuki 24, Xiao Zhang 25, Agustín Espinosa 26, Aune Valk 27, Sami Abuhamdeh 28, Benjamin Amponsah 29, Emre Özgen 30, E Ülkü Güner 31, Nil Yamakoğlu 31, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit 32, Tom Pyszczynski 33, Pelin Kesebir 34, Elvia Vargas Trujillo 35, Paola Balanta 35, Boris Cendales Ayala 35, Silvia H Koller 36, Jas Laile Jaafar 37, Nicolay Gausel 38, Ronald Fischer 39, Taciano L Milfont 39, Ersin Kusdil 40, Selinay Çağlar 41, Said Aldhafri 42, M Cristina Ferreira 43, Kassahun Habtamu Mekonnen 44, Qian Wang 45, Márta Fülöp 46, Ana Torres 47, Leoncio Camino 47, Flávia Cristina Silveira Lemos 48, Immo Fritsche 49, Bettina Möller 50, Camillo Regalia 51, Claudia Manzi 51, Maria Brambilla 51, Michael Harris Bond 52

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Beyond the 'east-west' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood

Vivian L Vignoles et al. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2016 Aug.

Abstract

Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record

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