Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults - PubMed (original) (raw)

Review

Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults

Sheena Derry et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017.

Abstract

Background: This review is an update of 'Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults' last updated in Issue 2, 2013. Topical creams with capsaicin are used to treat peripheral neuropathic pain. Following application to the skin, capsaicin causes enhanced sensitivity, followed by a period with reduced sensitivity and, after repeated applications, persistent desensitisation. High-concentration (8%) capsaicin patches were developed to increase the amount of capsaicin delivered; rapid delivery was thought to improve tolerability because cutaneous nociceptors are 'defunctionalised' quickly. The single application avoids noncompliance. Only the 8% patch formulation of capsaicin is available, with a capsaicin concentration about 100 times greater than conventional creams. High-concentration topical capsaicin is given as a single patch application to the affected part. It must be applied under highly controlled conditions, often following local anaesthetic, due to the initial intense burning sensation it causes. The benefits are expected to last for about 12 weeks, when another application might be made.

Objectives: To review the evidence from controlled trials on the efficacy and tolerability of topically applied, high-concentration (8%) capsaicin in chronic neuropathic pain in adults.

Search methods: For this update, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, two clinical trials registries, and a pharmaceutical company's website to 10 June 2016.

Selection criteria: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of at least 6 weeks' duration, using high-concentration (5% or more) topical capsaicin to treat neuropathic pain.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently searched for studies, extracted efficacy and adverse event data, and examined issues of study quality and potential bias. Where pooled analysis was possible, we used dichotomous data to calculate risk ratio and numbers needed to treat for one additional event, using standard methods.Efficacy outcomes reflecting long-duration pain relief after a single drug application were from the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at specific points, usually 8 and 12 weeks. We also assessed average pain scores over weeks 2 to 8 and 2 to 12 and the number of participants with pain intensity reduction of at least 30% or at least 50% over baseline, and information on adverse events and withdrawals.We assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE and created a 'Summary of findings' table.

Main results: We included eight studies, involving 2488 participants, two more studies and 415 more participants than the previous version of this review. Studies were of generally good methodological quality; we judged only one study at high risk of bias, due to small size. Two studies used a placebo control and six used 0.04% topical capsaicin as an 'active' placebo to help maintain blinding. Efficacy outcomes were inconsistently reported, resulting in analyses for most outcomes being based on less than complete data.For postherpetic neuralgia, we found four studies (1272 participants). At both 8 and 12 weeks about 10% more participants reported themselves much or very much improved with high-concentration capsaicin than with 'active' placebo, with point estimates of numbers needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTs) of 8.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.3 to 26) with high-concentration capsaicin and 7.0 (95% CI 4.6 to 15) with 'active' placebo (2 studies, 571 participants; moderate quality evidence). More participants (about 10%) had average 2 to 8-week and 2 to 12-week pain intensity reductions over baseline of at least 30% and at least 50% with capsaicin than control, with NNT values between 10 and 12 (2 to 4 studies, 571 to 1272 participants; very low quality evidence).For painful HIV-neuropathy, we found two studies (801 participants). One study reported the proportion of participants who were much or very much improved at 12 weeks (27% with high-concentration capsaicin and 10% with 'active' placebo). For both studies, more participants (about 10%) had average 2 to 12-week pain intensity reductions over baseline of at least 30% with capsaicin than control, with an NNT of 11 (very low quality evidence).For peripheral diabetic neuropathy, we found one study (369 participants). It reported about 10% more participants who were much or very much improved at 8 and 12 weeks. One small study of 46 participants with persistent pain following inguinal herniorrhaphy did not show a difference between capsaicin and placebo for pain reduction (very low quality evidence).We downgraded the quality of the evidence for efficacy outcomes by one to three levels due to sparse data, imprecision, possible effects of imputation methods, and susceptibility to publication bias.Local adverse events were common, but not consistently reported. Serious adverse events were no more common with active treatment (3.5%) than control (3.2%). Adverse event withdrawals did not differ between groups, but lack of efficacy withdrawals were somewhat more common with control than active treatment, based on small numbers of events (six to eight studies, 21 to 67 events; moderate quality evidence, downgraded due to few events). No deaths were judged to be related to study medication.

Authors' conclusions: High-concentration topical capsaicin used to treat postherpetic neuralgia, HIV-neuropathy, and painful diabetic neuropathy generated more participants with moderate or substantial levels of pain relief than control treatment using a much lower concentration of capsaicin. These results should be interpreted with caution as the quality of the evidence was moderate or very low. The additional proportion who benefited over control was not large, but for those who did obtain high levels of pain relief, there were usually additional improvements in sleep, fatigue, depression, and quality of life. High-concentration topical capsaicin is similar in its effects to other therapies for chronic pain.

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Conflict of interest statement

SD: none known.

ASCR undertakes consultancy and advisory board work for Imperial College Consultants ‐ since June 2013 this has included remunerated work for: Spinifex, Abide, Astellas, Neusentis, Merck, Medivir, Mitsubishi, Aquilas, Asahi Kasei, Relmada, Novartis, and Orion. All consultancy activity relates to consultancy advice on the preclinical/clinical development of drugs for neuropathic pain. Neusentis was a subsidiary of Pfizer. He owned share options in Spinifex Pharmaceuticals which was acquired by Novartis in July 2015. ASCR was a Principal Investigator in the EuroPain consortium. EuroPain has received support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement number 115007, resources for which are composed of financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/20072013) and European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) companies (www.imieuropain.org). Specifically, research funding for ASCR's laboratory has been received by Imperial College from Pfizer (manufacturer of gabapentin) and Astellas ‐ both these grants were for projects related to improving the validity of animal models of neuropathic pain. ASCR is a site investigator for the Neuropain project, funded by Pfizer via Kiel University ‐ Chief Investigator Prof Ralf Baron. He is Vice‐Chair of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Special Interest Group on Neuropathic Pain (www.neupsig.org) and serves on the Executive Committee of ACTTION (Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks; www.acttion.org).

PC received support from Boston Scientific (2014) for travel and accommodation at a scientific meeting; Boston Scientific does not market drugs. PC is a specialist pain physician and manages patients with chronic pain.

TT: none known.

RAM has received grant support from Grünenthal relating to individual patient level analyses of trial data regarding tapentadol in osteoarthritis and back pain (2015). He has received honoraria for attending boards with Menarini concerning methods of analgesic trial design (2014), with Novartis (2014) about the design of network meta‐analyses, and RB on understanding pharmacokinetics of drug uptake (2015). He has received honoraria from Omega Pharma (2016) and Futura Pharma (2016) for providing advice on trial and data analysis methods.

This review was identified in a 2019 audit as not meeting the current definition of the Cochrane Commercial Sponsorship policy. At the time of its publication it was compliant with the interpretation of the existing policy. As with all reviews, new and updated, at update this review will be revised according to 2020 policy update.

Figures

1

1

Study flow diagram.

2

2

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

3

3

Forest plot of comparison: 1 High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), outcome: 1.1 Postherpetic neuralgia ‐ at least 50% pain intensity reduction over weeks 2 to 8.

4

4

Forest plot of comparison: 1 High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), outcome: 1.5 Postherpetic neuralgia ‐ Patient Global Impression of Change much or very much improved at 8 and 12 weeks.

5

5

Forest plot of comparison: 1 High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), outcome: 1.6 HIV‐neuropathy ‐ at least 30% pain intensity reduction over weeks 2 to 12.

6

6

Forest plot of comparison: 1 High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), outcome: 1.10 Serious adverse events.

1.1

1.1. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 1: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) ‐ at least 50% pain intensity reduction over weeks 2 to 8

1.2

1.2. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 2: PHN ‐ at least 50% pain intensity reduction over 2 to 12 weeks

1.3

1.3. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 3: PHN ‐ at least 30% pain intensity reduction over weeks 2 to 8

1.4

1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 4: PHN ‐ at least 30% pain intensity reduction over weeks 2 to 12

1.5

1.5. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 5: PHN ‐ Patient Global Impression of ChangePGIC much or very much improved at 8 and 12 weeks

1.6

1.6. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 6: HIV‐neuropathy ‐ at least 30% pain intensity reduction over weeks 2 to 12

1.7

1.7. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 7: Local skin reactions ‐ group 1

1.8

1.8. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 8: Local skin reactions ‐ group 2

1.9

1.9. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 9: Patch tolerability

1.10

1.10. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 10: Serious adverse events

1.11

1.11. Analysis

Comparison 1: High‐concentration (8%) capsaicin versus control (single dose), Outcome 11: Withdrawals

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References to other published versions of this review

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